MTH_IDS_IoTJ.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# MTH-IDS: A Multi-Tiered Hybrid Intrusion Detection System for Internet of Vehicles\n",
    "This is the code for the paper entitled \"[**MTH-IDS: A Multi-Tiered Hybrid Intrusion Detection System for Internet of Vehicles**](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.13289.pdf)\" accepted in IEEE Internet of Things Journal.  \n",
    "Authors: Li Yang (liyanghart@gmail.com), Abdallah Moubayed, and Abdallah Shami  \n",
    "Organization: The Optimized Computing and Communications (OC2) Lab, ECE Department, Western University\n",
    "\n",
    "If you find this repository useful in your research, please cite:  \n",
    "L. Yang, A. Moubayed, and A. Shami, “MTH-IDS: A Multi-Tiered Hybrid Intrusion Detection System for Internet of Vehicles,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 616-632, Jan.1, 2022."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Import libraries"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import warnings\n",
    "warnings.filterwarnings(\"ignore\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "import seaborn as sns\n",
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
    "from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder\n",
    "from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split\n",
    "from sklearn.metrics import classification_report,confusion_matrix,accuracy_score,precision_recall_fscore_support\n",
    "from sklearn.metrics import f1_score,roc_auc_score\n",
    "from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier,ExtraTreesClassifier\n",
    "from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier\n",
    "import xgboost as xgb\n",
    "from xgboost import plot_importance"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Read the sampled CICIDS2017 dataset\n",
    "The CICIDS2017 dataset is publicly available at: https://www.unb.ca/cic/datasets/ids-2017.html  \n",
    "Due to the large size of this dataset, the sampled subsets of CICIDS2017 is used. The subsets are in the \"data\" folder.  \n",
    "If you want to use this code on other datasets (e.g., CAN-intrusion dataset), just change the dataset name and follow the same steps. The models in this code are generic models that can be used in any intrusion detection/network traffic datasets."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#Read dataset\n",
    "df = pd.read_csv('./data/CICIDS2017.csv') \n",
    "# The results in this code is based on the original CICIDS2017 dataset. Please go to cell [21] if you work on the sampled dataset. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
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       "      <td>34</td>\n",
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      "text/plain": [
       "         Flow Duration  Total Fwd Packets  Total Backward Packets  \\\n",
       "0                    3                  2                       0   \n",
       "1                  109                  1                       1   \n",
       "2                   52                  1                       1   \n",
       "3                   34                  1                       1   \n",
       "4                    3                  2                       0   \n",
       "...                ...                ...                     ...   \n",
       "2830738          32215                  4                       2   \n",
       "2830739            324                  2                       2   \n",
       "2830740             82                  2                       1   \n",
       "2830741        1048635                  6                       2   \n",
       "2830742          94939                  4                       2   \n",
       "\n",
       "         Total Length of Fwd Packets  Total Length of Bwd Packets  \\\n",
       "0                                 12                            0   \n",
       "1                                  6                            6   \n",
       "2                                  6                            6   \n",
       "3                                  6                            6   \n",
       "4                                 12                            0   \n",
       "...                              ...                          ...   \n",
       "2830738                          112                          152   \n",
       "2830739                           84                          362   \n",
       "2830740                           31                            6   \n",
       "2830741                          192                          256   \n",
       "2830742                          188                          226   \n",
       "\n",
       "         Fwd Packet Length Max  Fwd Packet Length Min  Fwd Packet Length Mean  \\\n",
       "0                            6                      6                     6.0   \n",
       "1                            6                      6                     6.0   \n",
       "2                            6                      6                     6.0   \n",
       "3                            6                      6                     6.0   \n",
       "4                            6                      6                     6.0   \n",
       "...                        ...                    ...                     ...   \n",
       "2830738                     28                     28                    28.0   \n",
       "2830739                     42                     42                    42.0   \n",
       "2830740                     31                      0                    15.5   \n",
       "2830741                     32                     32                    32.0   \n",
       "2830742                     47                     47                    47.0   \n",
       "\n",
       "         Fwd Packet Length Std  Bwd Packet Length Max  ...  \\\n",
       "0                      0.00000                      0  ...   \n",
       "1                      0.00000                      6  ...   \n",
       "2                      0.00000                      6  ...   \n",
       "3                      0.00000                      6  ...   \n",
       "4                      0.00000                      0  ...   \n",
       "...                        ...                    ...  ...   \n",
       "2830738                0.00000                     76  ...   \n",
       "2830739                0.00000                    181  ...   \n",
       "2830740               21.92031                      6  ...   \n",
       "2830741                0.00000                    128  ...   \n",
       "2830742                0.00000                    113  ...   \n",
       "\n",
       "         min_seg_size_forward  Active Mean  Active Std  Active Max  \\\n",
       "0                          20          0.0         0.0           0   \n",
       "1                          20          0.0         0.0           0   \n",
       "2                          20          0.0         0.0           0   \n",
       "3                          20          0.0         0.0           0   \n",
       "4                          20          0.0         0.0           0   \n",
       "...                       ...          ...         ...         ...   \n",
       "2830738                    20          0.0         0.0           0   \n",
       "2830739                    20          0.0         0.0           0   \n",
       "2830740                    32          0.0         0.0           0   \n",
       "2830741                    20          0.0         0.0           0   \n",
       "2830742                    20          0.0         0.0           0   \n",
       "\n",
       "         Active Min  Idle Mean  Idle Std  Idle Max  Idle Min   Label  \n",
       "0                 0        0.0       0.0         0         0  BENIGN  \n",
       "1                 0        0.0       0.0         0         0  BENIGN  \n",
       "2                 0        0.0       0.0         0         0  BENIGN  \n",
       "3                 0        0.0       0.0         0         0  BENIGN  \n",
       "4                 0        0.0       0.0         0         0  BENIGN  \n",
       "...             ...        ...       ...       ...       ...     ...  \n",
       "2830738           0        0.0       0.0         0         0  BENIGN  \n",
       "2830739           0        0.0       0.0         0         0  BENIGN  \n",
       "2830740           0        0.0       0.0         0         0  BENIGN  \n",
       "2830741           0        0.0       0.0         0         0  BENIGN  \n",
       "2830742           0        0.0       0.0         0         0  BENIGN  \n",
       "\n",
       "[2830743 rows x 78 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "BENIGN          2273097\n",
       "DoS              380699\n",
       "PortScan         158930\n",
       "BruteForce        13835\n",
       "WebAttack          2180\n",
       "Bot                1966\n",
       "Infiltration         36\n",
       "Name: Label, dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.Label.value_counts()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Preprocessing (normalization and padding values)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "C:\\Users\\41364\\AppData\\Roaming\\Python\\Python35\\site-packages\\pandas\\compat\\_optional.py:106: UserWarning: Pandas requires version '2.6.2' or newer of 'numexpr' (version '2.6.1' currently installed).\n",
      "  warnings.warn(msg, UserWarning)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Z-score normalization\n",
    "features = df.dtypes[df.dtypes != 'object'].index\n",
    "df[features] = df[features].apply(\n",
    "    lambda x: (x - x.mean()) / (x.std()))\n",
    "# Fill empty values by 0\n",
    "df = df.fillna(0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Data sampling\n",
    "Due to the space limit of GitHub files and the large size of network traffic data, we sample a small-sized subset for model learning using **k-means cluster sampling**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "labelencoder = LabelEncoder()\n",
    "df.iloc[:, -1] = labelencoder.fit_transform(df.iloc[:, -1])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    2273097\n",
       "3     380699\n",
       "5     158930\n",
       "2      13835\n",
       "6       2180\n",
       "1       1966\n",
       "4         36\n",
       "Name: Label, dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.Label.value_counts()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# retain the minority class instances and sample the majority class instances\n",
    "df_minor = df[(df['Label']==6)|(df['Label']==1)|(df['Label']==4)]\n",
    "df_major = df.drop(df_minor.index)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "X = df_major.drop(['Label'],axis=1) \n",
    "y = df_major.iloc[:, -1].values.reshape(-1,1)\n",
    "y=np.ravel(y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# use k-means to cluster the data samples and select a proportion of data from each cluster\n",
    "from sklearn.cluster import MiniBatchKMeans\n",
    "kmeans = MiniBatchKMeans(n_clusters=1000, random_state=0).fit(X)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "klabel=kmeans.labels_\n",
    "df_major['klabel']=klabel"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "318    22146\n",
       "2      20340\n",
       "258    20225\n",
       "308    18461\n",
       "432    18154\n",
       "       ...  \n",
       "366       70\n",
       "92        21\n",
       "596       14\n",
       "756       10\n",
       "295        3\n",
       "Name: klabel, Length: 997, dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_major['klabel'].value_counts()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "cols = list(df_major)\n",
    "cols.insert(78, cols.pop(cols.index('Label')))\n",
    "df_major = df_major.loc[:, cols]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>Flow Duration</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total Fwd Packets</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total Backward Packets</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total Length of Fwd Packets</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total Length of Bwd Packets</th>\n",
       "      <th>Fwd Packet Length Max</th>\n",
       "      <th>Fwd Packet Length Min</th>\n",
       "      <th>Fwd Packet Length Mean</th>\n",
       "      <th>Fwd Packet Length Std</th>\n",
       "      <th>Bwd Packet Length Max</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>Active Mean</th>\n",
       "      <th>Active Std</th>\n",
       "      <th>Active Max</th>\n",
       "      <th>Active Min</th>\n",
       "      <th>Idle Mean</th>\n",
       "      <th>Idle Std</th>\n",
       "      <th>Idle Max</th>\n",
       "      <th>Idle Min</th>\n",
       "      <th>klabel</th>\n",
       "      <th>Label</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.439347</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.009819</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.010421</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.053765</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.007142</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.281099</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.210703</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.280518</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.245069</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.447423</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.125734</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.104565</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.149326</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.101016</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.351926</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.10946</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.356868</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.338993</td>\n",
       "      <td>391</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.439344</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.011153</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.009418</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.054365</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.007139</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.281099</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.210703</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.280518</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.245069</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.444340</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.125734</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.104565</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.149326</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.101016</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.351926</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.10946</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.356868</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.338993</td>\n",
       "      <td>498</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.439345</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.011153</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.009418</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.054365</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.007139</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.281099</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.210703</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.280518</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.245069</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.444340</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.125734</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.104565</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.149326</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.101016</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.351926</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.10946</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.356868</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.338993</td>\n",
       "      <td>499</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.439346</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.011153</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.009418</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.054365</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.007139</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.281099</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.210703</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.280518</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.245069</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.444340</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.125734</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.104565</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.149326</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.101016</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.351926</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.10946</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.356868</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.338993</td>\n",
       "      <td>787</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.439347</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.009819</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.010421</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.053765</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.007142</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.281099</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.210703</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.280518</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.245069</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.447423</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.125734</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.104565</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.149326</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.101016</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.351926</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.10946</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.356868</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.338993</td>\n",
       "      <td>391</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2830738</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.438390</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.007151</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.008416</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.043758</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.007075</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.250424</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.153902</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.162296</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.245069</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.408376</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.125734</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.104565</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.149326</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.101016</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.351926</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.10946</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.356868</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.338993</td>\n",
       "      <td>813</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2830739</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.439337</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.009819</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.008416</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.046560</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.006982</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.230903</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.385923</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.087065</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.245069</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.354429</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.125734</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.104565</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.149326</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.101016</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.351926</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.10946</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.356868</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.338993</td>\n",
       "      <td>916</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2830740</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.439344</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.009819</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.009418</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.051863</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.007139</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.246240</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.310140</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.229468</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.167112</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.444340</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.125734</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.104565</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.149326</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.101016</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.351926</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.10946</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.356868</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.338993</td>\n",
       "      <td>267</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2830741</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.408187</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.004484</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.008416</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.035753</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.007029</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.244846</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.220194</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.140802</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.245069</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.381659</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.125734</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.104565</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.149326</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.101016</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.351926</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.10946</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.356868</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.338993</td>\n",
       "      <td>634</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2830742</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.436526</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.007151</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.008416</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.036153</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.007042</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.223931</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.468788</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.060196</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.245069</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.389366</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.125734</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.104565</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.149326</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.101016</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.351926</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.10946</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.356868</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.338993</td>\n",
       "      <td>978</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>2826561 rows × 79 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "         Flow Duration  Total Fwd Packets  Total Backward Packets  \\\n",
       "0            -0.439347          -0.009819               -0.010421   \n",
       "1            -0.439344          -0.011153               -0.009418   \n",
       "2            -0.439345          -0.011153               -0.009418   \n",
       "3            -0.439346          -0.011153               -0.009418   \n",
       "4            -0.439347          -0.009819               -0.010421   \n",
       "...                ...                ...                     ...   \n",
       "2830738      -0.438390          -0.007151               -0.008416   \n",
       "2830739      -0.439337          -0.009819               -0.008416   \n",
       "2830740      -0.439344          -0.009819               -0.009418   \n",
       "2830741      -0.408187          -0.004484               -0.008416   \n",
       "2830742      -0.436526          -0.007151               -0.008416   \n",
       "\n",
       "         Total Length of Fwd Packets  Total Length of Bwd Packets  \\\n",
       "0                          -0.053765                    -0.007142   \n",
       "1                          -0.054365                    -0.007139   \n",
       "2                          -0.054365                    -0.007139   \n",
       "3                          -0.054365                    -0.007139   \n",
       "4                          -0.053765                    -0.007142   \n",
       "...                              ...                          ...   \n",
       "2830738                    -0.043758                    -0.007075   \n",
       "2830739                    -0.046560                    -0.006982   \n",
       "2830740                    -0.051863                    -0.007139   \n",
       "2830741                    -0.035753                    -0.007029   \n",
       "2830742                    -0.036153                    -0.007042   \n",
       "\n",
       "         Fwd Packet Length Max  Fwd Packet Length Min  Fwd Packet Length Mean  \\\n",
       "0                    -0.281099              -0.210703               -0.280518   \n",
       "1                    -0.281099              -0.210703               -0.280518   \n",
       "2                    -0.281099              -0.210703               -0.280518   \n",
       "3                    -0.281099              -0.210703               -0.280518   \n",
       "4                    -0.281099              -0.210703               -0.280518   \n",
       "...                        ...                    ...                     ...   \n",
       "2830738              -0.250424               0.153902               -0.162296   \n",
       "2830739              -0.230903               0.385923               -0.087065   \n",
       "2830740              -0.246240              -0.310140               -0.229468   \n",
       "2830741              -0.244846               0.220194               -0.140802   \n",
       "2830742              -0.223931               0.468788               -0.060196   \n",
       "\n",
       "         Fwd Packet Length Std  Bwd Packet Length Max  ...  Active Mean  \\\n",
       "0                    -0.245069              -0.447423  ...    -0.125734   \n",
       "1                    -0.245069              -0.444340  ...    -0.125734   \n",
       "2                    -0.245069              -0.444340  ...    -0.125734   \n",
       "3                    -0.245069              -0.444340  ...    -0.125734   \n",
       "4                    -0.245069              -0.447423  ...    -0.125734   \n",
       "...                        ...                    ...  ...          ...   \n",
       "2830738              -0.245069              -0.408376  ...    -0.125734   \n",
       "2830739              -0.245069              -0.354429  ...    -0.125734   \n",
       "2830740              -0.167112              -0.444340  ...    -0.125734   \n",
       "2830741              -0.245069              -0.381659  ...    -0.125734   \n",
       "2830742              -0.245069              -0.389366  ...    -0.125734   \n",
       "\n",
       "         Active Std  Active Max  Active Min  Idle Mean  Idle Std  Idle Max  \\\n",
       "0         -0.104565   -0.149326   -0.101016  -0.351926  -0.10946 -0.356868   \n",
       "1         -0.104565   -0.149326   -0.101016  -0.351926  -0.10946 -0.356868   \n",
       "2         -0.104565   -0.149326   -0.101016  -0.351926  -0.10946 -0.356868   \n",
       "3         -0.104565   -0.149326   -0.101016  -0.351926  -0.10946 -0.356868   \n",
       "4         -0.104565   -0.149326   -0.101016  -0.351926  -0.10946 -0.356868   \n",
       "...             ...         ...         ...        ...       ...       ...   \n",
       "2830738   -0.104565   -0.149326   -0.101016  -0.351926  -0.10946 -0.356868   \n",
       "2830739   -0.104565   -0.149326   -0.101016  -0.351926  -0.10946 -0.356868   \n",
       "2830740   -0.104565   -0.149326   -0.101016  -0.351926  -0.10946 -0.356868   \n",
       "2830741   -0.104565   -0.149326   -0.101016  -0.351926  -0.10946 -0.356868   \n",
       "2830742   -0.104565   -0.149326   -0.101016  -0.351926  -0.10946 -0.356868   \n",
       "\n",
       "         Idle Min  klabel  Label  \n",
       "0       -0.338993     391      0  \n",
       "1       -0.338993     498      0  \n",
       "2       -0.338993     499      0  \n",
       "3       -0.338993     787      0  \n",
       "4       -0.338993     391      0  \n",
       "...           ...     ...    ...  \n",
       "2830738 -0.338993     813      0  \n",
       "2830739 -0.338993     916      0  \n",
       "2830740 -0.338993     267      0  \n",
       "2830741 -0.338993     634      0  \n",
       "2830742 -0.338993     978      0  \n",
       "\n",
       "[2826561 rows x 79 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_major"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def typicalSampling(group):\n",
    "    name = group.name\n",
    "    frac = 0.008\n",
    "    return group.sample(frac=frac)\n",
    "\n",
    "result = df_major.groupby(\n",
    "    'klabel', group_keys=False\n",
    ").apply(typicalSampling)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    18185\n",
       "3     3029\n",
       "5     1280\n",
       "2      118\n",
       "Name: Label, dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "result['Label'].value_counts()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>Flow Duration</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total Fwd Packets</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total Backward Packets</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total Length of Fwd Packets</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total Length of Bwd Packets</th>\n",
       "      <th>Fwd Packet Length Max</th>\n",
       "      <th>Fwd Packet Length Min</th>\n",
       "      <th>Fwd Packet Length Mean</th>\n",
       "      <th>Fwd Packet Length Std</th>\n",
       "      <th>Bwd Packet Length Max</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>Active Mean</th>\n",
       "      <th>Active Std</th>\n",
       "      <th>Active Max</th>\n",
       "      <th>Active Min</th>\n",
       "      <th>Idle Mean</th>\n",
       "      <th>Idle Std</th>\n",
       "      <th>Idle Max</th>\n",
       "      <th>Idle Min</th>\n",
       "      <th>klabel</th>\n",
       "      <th>Label</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6980</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.437857</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.011153</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.009418</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.054965</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.007142</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.289465</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.310140</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.312760</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.245069</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.447423</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.125734</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.104565</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.149326</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.101016</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.351926</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.10946</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.356868</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.338993</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1506627</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.438252</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.011153</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.009418</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.054965</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.007142</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.289465</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.310140</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.312760</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.245069</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.447423</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.125734</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.104565</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.149326</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.101016</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.351926</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.10946</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.356868</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.338993</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1377524</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.438860</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.011153</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.009418</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.054965</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.007142</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.289465</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.310140</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.312760</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.245069</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.447423</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.125734</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.104565</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.149326</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.101016</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.351926</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.10946</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.356868</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.338993</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2056871</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.435684</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.011153</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.009418</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.054965</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.007142</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.289465</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.310140</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.312760</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.245069</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.447423</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.125734</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.104565</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.149326</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.101016</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.351926</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.10946</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.356868</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.338993</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2005567</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.437738</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.011153</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.009418</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.054965</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.007142</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.289465</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.310140</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.312760</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.245069</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.447423</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.125734</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.104565</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.149326</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.101016</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.351926</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.10946</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.356868</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.338993</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1031173</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.438439</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.011153</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.009418</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.050963</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.007110</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.233691</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.352777</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.097812</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.245069</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.410431</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.125734</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.104565</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.149326</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.101016</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.351926</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.10946</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.356868</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.338993</td>\n",
       "      <td>999</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1608048</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.438422</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.009819</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.008416</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.047160</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.007083</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.235086</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.336204</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.103186</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.245069</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.413000</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.125734</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.104565</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.149326</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.101016</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.351926</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.10946</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.356868</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.338993</td>\n",
       "      <td>999</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>817023</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.437935</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.011153</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.009418</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.050863</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.007108</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.232297</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.369350</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.092438</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.245069</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.408376</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.125734</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.104565</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.149326</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.101016</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.351926</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.10946</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.356868</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.338993</td>\n",
       "      <td>999</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>559006</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.437946</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.011153</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.009418</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.050763</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.007111</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.230903</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.385923</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.087065</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.245069</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.411459</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.125734</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.104565</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.149326</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.101016</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.351926</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.10946</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.356868</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.338993</td>\n",
       "      <td>999</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>985052</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.437554</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.011153</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.009418</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.050963</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.007110</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.233691</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.352777</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.097812</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.245069</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.410431</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.125734</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.104565</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.149326</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.101016</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.351926</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.10946</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.356868</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.338993</td>\n",
       "      <td>999</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>22612 rows × 79 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "         Flow Duration  Total Fwd Packets  Total Backward Packets  \\\n",
       "6980         -0.437857          -0.011153               -0.009418   \n",
       "1506627      -0.438252          -0.011153               -0.009418   \n",
       "1377524      -0.438860          -0.011153               -0.009418   \n",
       "2056871      -0.435684          -0.011153               -0.009418   \n",
       "2005567      -0.437738          -0.011153               -0.009418   \n",
       "...                ...                ...                     ...   \n",
       "1031173      -0.438439          -0.011153               -0.009418   \n",
       "1608048      -0.438422          -0.009819               -0.008416   \n",
       "817023       -0.437935          -0.011153               -0.009418   \n",
       "559006       -0.437946          -0.011153               -0.009418   \n",
       "985052       -0.437554          -0.011153               -0.009418   \n",
       "\n",
       "         Total Length of Fwd Packets  Total Length of Bwd Packets  \\\n",
       "6980                       -0.054965                    -0.007142   \n",
       "1506627                    -0.054965                    -0.007142   \n",
       "1377524                    -0.054965                    -0.007142   \n",
       "2056871                    -0.054965                    -0.007142   \n",
       "2005567                    -0.054965                    -0.007142   \n",
       "...                              ...                          ...   \n",
       "1031173                    -0.050963                    -0.007110   \n",
       "1608048                    -0.047160                    -0.007083   \n",
       "817023                     -0.050863                    -0.007108   \n",
       "559006                     -0.050763                    -0.007111   \n",
       "985052                     -0.050963                    -0.007110   \n",
       "\n",
       "         Fwd Packet Length Max  Fwd Packet Length Min  Fwd Packet Length Mean  \\\n",
       "6980                 -0.289465              -0.310140               -0.312760   \n",
       "1506627              -0.289465              -0.310140               -0.312760   \n",
       "1377524              -0.289465              -0.310140               -0.312760   \n",
       "2056871              -0.289465              -0.310140               -0.312760   \n",
       "2005567              -0.289465              -0.310140               -0.312760   \n",
       "...                        ...                    ...                     ...   \n",
       "1031173              -0.233691               0.352777               -0.097812   \n",
       "1608048              -0.235086               0.336204               -0.103186   \n",
       "817023               -0.232297               0.369350               -0.092438   \n",
       "559006               -0.230903               0.385923               -0.087065   \n",
       "985052               -0.233691               0.352777               -0.097812   \n",
       "\n",
       "         Fwd Packet Length Std  Bwd Packet Length Max  ...  Active Mean  \\\n",
       "6980                 -0.245069              -0.447423  ...    -0.125734   \n",
       "1506627              -0.245069              -0.447423  ...    -0.125734   \n",
       "1377524              -0.245069              -0.447423  ...    -0.125734   \n",
       "2056871              -0.245069              -0.447423  ...    -0.125734   \n",
       "2005567              -0.245069              -0.447423  ...    -0.125734   \n",
       "...                        ...                    ...  ...          ...   \n",
       "1031173              -0.245069              -0.410431  ...    -0.125734   \n",
       "1608048              -0.245069              -0.413000  ...    -0.125734   \n",
       "817023               -0.245069              -0.408376  ...    -0.125734   \n",
       "559006               -0.245069              -0.411459  ...    -0.125734   \n",
       "985052               -0.245069              -0.410431  ...    -0.125734   \n",
       "\n",
       "         Active Std  Active Max  Active Min  Idle Mean  Idle Std  Idle Max  \\\n",
       "6980      -0.104565   -0.149326   -0.101016  -0.351926  -0.10946 -0.356868   \n",
       "1506627   -0.104565   -0.149326   -0.101016  -0.351926  -0.10946 -0.356868   \n",
       "1377524   -0.104565   -0.149326   -0.101016  -0.351926  -0.10946 -0.356868   \n",
       "2056871   -0.104565   -0.149326   -0.101016  -0.351926  -0.10946 -0.356868   \n",
       "2005567   -0.104565   -0.149326   -0.101016  -0.351926  -0.10946 -0.356868   \n",
       "...             ...         ...         ...        ...       ...       ...   \n",
       "1031173   -0.104565   -0.149326   -0.101016  -0.351926  -0.10946 -0.356868   \n",
       "1608048   -0.104565   -0.149326   -0.101016  -0.351926  -0.10946 -0.356868   \n",
       "817023    -0.104565   -0.149326   -0.101016  -0.351926  -0.10946 -0.356868   \n",
       "559006    -0.104565   -0.149326   -0.101016  -0.351926  -0.10946 -0.356868   \n",
       "985052    -0.104565   -0.149326   -0.101016  -0.351926  -0.10946 -0.356868   \n",
       "\n",
       "         Idle Min  klabel  Label  \n",
       "6980    -0.338993       0      0  \n",
       "1506627 -0.338993       0      0  \n",
       "1377524 -0.338993       0      0  \n",
       "2056871 -0.338993       0      0  \n",
       "2005567 -0.338993       0      0  \n",
       "...           ...     ...    ...  \n",
       "1031173 -0.338993     999      0  \n",
       "1608048 -0.338993     999      0  \n",
       "817023  -0.338993     999      0  \n",
       "559006  -0.338993     999      0  \n",
       "985052  -0.338993     999      0  \n",
       "\n",
       "[22612 rows x 79 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "result"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "result = result.drop(['klabel'],axis=1)\n",
    "result = result.append(df_minor)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "result.to_csv('./data/CICIDS2017_sample_km.csv',index=0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### split train set and test set"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Read the sampled dataset\n",
    "df=pd.read_csv('./data/CICIDS2017_sample_km.csv')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "X = df.drop(['Label'],axis=1).values\n",
    "y = df.iloc[:, -1].values.reshape(-1,1)\n",
    "y=np.ravel(y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X,y, train_size = 0.8, test_size = 0.2, random_state = 0,stratify = y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Feature engineering"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Feature selection by information gain"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from sklearn.feature_selection import mutual_info_classif\n",
    "importances = mutual_info_classif(X_train, y_train)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# calculate the sum of importance scores\n",
    "f_list = sorted(zip(map(lambda x: round(x, 4), importances), features), reverse=True)\n",
    "Sum = 0\n",
    "fs = []\n",
    "for i in range(0, len(f_list)):\n",
    "    Sum = Sum + f_list[i][0]\n",
    "    fs.append(f_list[i][1])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# select the important features from top to bottom until the accumulated importance reaches 90%\n",
    "f_list2 = sorted(zip(map(lambda x: round(x, 4), importances/Sum), features), reverse=True)\n",
    "Sum2 = 0\n",
    "fs = []\n",
    "for i in range(0, len(f_list2)):\n",
    "    Sum2 = Sum2 + f_list2[i][0]\n",
    "    fs.append(f_list2[i][1])\n",
    "    if Sum2>=0.9:\n",
    "        break        "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "X_fs = df[fs].values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(26794, 44)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "X_fs.shape"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Feature selection by Fast Correlation Based Filter (FCBF)\n",
    "\n",
    "The module is imported from the GitHub repo: https://github.com/SantiagoEG/FCBF_module"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from FCBF_module import FCBF, FCBFK, FCBFiP, get_i\n",
    "fcbf = FCBFK(k = 20)\n",
    "#fcbf.fit(X_fs, y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "X_fss = fcbf.fit_transform(X_fs,y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(26794, 20)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "X_fss.shape"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Re-split train & test sets after feature selection"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X_fss,y, train_size = 0.8, test_size = 0.2, random_state = 0,stratify = y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(21435, 20)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "X_train.shape"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    14548\n",
       "3     2423\n",
       "6     1744\n",
       "1     1573\n",
       "5     1024\n",
       "2       94\n",
       "4       29\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.Series(y_train).value_counts()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### SMOTE to solve class-imbalance"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "C:\\Users\\41364\\AppData\\Roaming\\Python\\Python35\\site-packages\\sklearn\\externals\\six.py:31: DeprecationWarning: The module is deprecated in version 0.21 and will be removed in version 0.23 since we've dropped support for Python 2.7. Please rely on the official version of six (https://pypi.org/project/six/).\n",
      "  \"(https://pypi.org/project/six/).\", DeprecationWarning)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from imblearn.over_sampling import SMOTE\n",
    "smote=SMOTE(n_jobs=-1,sampling_strategy={2:1000,4:1000})"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "X_train, y_train = smote.fit_resample(X_train, y_train)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    14548\n",
       "3     2423\n",
       "6     1744\n",
       "1     1573\n",
       "5     1024\n",
       "4     1000\n",
       "2     1000\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 37,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.Series(y_train).value_counts()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Machine learning model training"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Training four base learners: decision tree, random forest, extra trees, XGBoost"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Apply XGBoost"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Accuracy of XGBoost: 0.9917910447761195\n",
      "Precision of XGBoost: 0.991821481887011\n",
      "Recall of XGBoost: 0.9917910447761195\n",
      "F1-score of XGBoost: 0.9917663641435618\n",
      "              precision    recall  f1-score   support\n",
      "\n",
      "           0       0.99      0.99      0.99      3645\n",
      "           1       0.99      0.98      0.99       393\n",
      "           2       1.00      1.00      1.00        19\n",
      "           3       0.99      0.99      0.99       609\n",
      "           4       1.00      0.71      0.83         7\n",
      "           5       0.99      1.00      0.99       251\n",
      "           6       0.97      0.99      0.98       436\n",
      "\n",
      "    accuracy                           0.99      5360\n",
      "   macro avg       0.99      0.95      0.97      5360\n",
      "weighted avg       0.99      0.99      0.99      5360\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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kAzUJXgNZ4CdgpZcrZYwpm7y9RsF/YQukqn4HfAe0Lu4DRORLVS12HmNM+aBh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\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 360x360 with 2 Axes>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "xg = xgb.XGBClassifier(n_estimators = 10)\n",
    "xg.fit(X_train,y_train)\n",
    "xg_score=xg.score(X_test,y_test)\n",
    "y_predict=xg.predict(X_test)\n",
    "y_true=y_test\n",
    "print('Accuracy of XGBoost: '+ str(xg_score))\n",
    "precision,recall,fscore,none= precision_recall_fscore_support(y_true, y_predict, average='weighted') \n",
    "print('Precision of XGBoost: '+(str(precision)))\n",
    "print('Recall of XGBoost: '+(str(recall)))\n",
    "print('F1-score of XGBoost: '+(str(fscore)))\n",
    "print(classification_report(y_true,y_predict))\n",
    "cm=confusion_matrix(y_true,y_predict)\n",
    "f,ax=plt.subplots(figsize=(5,5))\n",
    "sns.heatmap(cm,annot=True,linewidth=0.5,linecolor=\"red\",fmt=\".0f\",ax=ax)\n",
    "plt.xlabel(\"y_pred\")\n",
    "plt.ylabel(\"y_true\")\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Hyperparameter optimization (HPO) of XGBoost using Bayesian optimization with tree-based Parzen estimator (BO-TPE)\n",
    "Based on the GitHub repo for HPO: https://github.com/LiYangHart/Hyperparameter-Optimization-of-Machine-Learning-Algorithms"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 113,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "100%|███████████████████████████████████████████████| 20/20 [00:30<00:00,  1.53s/trial, best loss: -0.9957089552238806]\n",
      "XGBoost: Hyperopt estimated optimum {'learning_rate': 0.7340229699980686, 'n_estimators': 70.0, 'max_depth': 14.0}\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from hyperopt import hp, fmin, tpe, STATUS_OK, Trials\n",
    "from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score, StratifiedKFold\n",
    "def objective(params):\n",
    "    params = {\n",
    "        'n_estimators': int(params['n_estimators']), \n",
    "        'max_depth': int(params['max_depth']),\n",
    "        'learning_rate':  abs(float(params['learning_rate'])),\n",
    "\n",
    "    }\n",
    "    clf = xgb.XGBClassifier( **params)\n",
    "    clf.fit(X_train, y_train)\n",
    "    y_pred = clf.predict(X_test)\n",
    "    score = accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred)\n",
    "\n",
    "    return {'loss':-score, 'status': STATUS_OK }\n",
    "\n",
    "space = {\n",
    "    'n_estimators': hp.quniform('n_estimators', 10, 100, 5),\n",
    "    'max_depth': hp.quniform('max_depth', 4, 100, 1),\n",
    "    'learning_rate': hp.normal('learning_rate', 0.01, 0.9),\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "best = fmin(fn=objective,\n",
    "            space=space,\n",
    "            algo=tpe.suggest,\n",
    "            max_evals=20)\n",
    "print(\"XGBoost: Hyperopt estimated optimum {}\".format(best))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 114,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Accuracy of XGBoost: 0.9957089552238806\n",
      "Precision of XGBoost: 0.9956893766598436\n",
      "Recall of XGBoost: 0.9957089552238806\n",
      "F1-score of XGBoost: 0.9956902750637269\n",
      "              precision    recall  f1-score   support\n",
      "\n",
      "           0       1.00      1.00      1.00      3645\n",
      "           1       0.99      1.00      1.00       393\n",
      "           2       1.00      1.00      1.00        19\n",
      "           3       1.00      1.00      1.00       609\n",
      "           4       0.83      0.71      0.77         7\n",
      "           5       0.99      1.00      0.99       251\n",
      "           6       0.99      0.99      0.99       436\n",
      "\n",
      "    accuracy                           1.00      5360\n",
      "   macro avg       0.97      0.96      0.96      5360\n",
      "weighted avg       1.00      1.00      1.00      5360\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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HeBWoAvzDKRsco5gFXnqxN48+9hx5ef7/61QntRZbMg/NrJS5NYs6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\nliCNMcaFJUhjjHFhCdIYY1z8P2QIZHTK6RiuAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 360x360 with 2 Axes>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "xg = xgb.XGBClassifier(learning_rate= 0.7340229699980686, n_estimators = 70, max_depth = 14)\n",
    "xg.fit(X_train,y_train)\n",
    "xg_score=xg.score(X_test,y_test)\n",
    "y_predict=xg.predict(X_test)\n",
    "y_true=y_test\n",
    "print('Accuracy of XGBoost: '+ str(xg_score))\n",
    "precision,recall,fscore,none= precision_recall_fscore_support(y_true, y_predict, average='weighted') \n",
    "print('Precision of XGBoost: '+(str(precision)))\n",
    "print('Recall of XGBoost: '+(str(recall)))\n",
    "print('F1-score of XGBoost: '+(str(fscore)))\n",
    "print(classification_report(y_true,y_predict))\n",
    "cm=confusion_matrix(y_true,y_predict)\n",
    "f,ax=plt.subplots(figsize=(5,5))\n",
    "sns.heatmap(cm,annot=True,linewidth=0.5,linecolor=\"red\",fmt=\".0f\",ax=ax)\n",
    "plt.xlabel(\"y_pred\")\n",
    "plt.ylabel(\"y_true\")\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 115,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "xg_train=xg.predict(X_train)\n",
    "xg_test=xg.predict(X_test)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Apply RF"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 103,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Accuracy of RF: 0.9940298507462687\n",
      "Precision of RF: 0.9940428718755328\n",
      "Recall of RF: 0.9940298507462687\n",
      "F1-score of RF: 0.9940328670009781\n",
      "              precision    recall  f1-score   support\n",
      "\n",
      "           0       1.00      0.99      1.00      3645\n",
      "           1       0.99      1.00      1.00       393\n",
      "           2       1.00      1.00      1.00        19\n",
      "           3       1.00      0.99      0.99       609\n",
      "           4       0.71      0.71      0.71         7\n",
      "           5       0.99      1.00      0.99       251\n",
      "           6       0.98      0.99      0.99       436\n",
      "\n",
      "    accuracy                           0.99      5360\n",
      "   macro avg       0.95      0.96      0.95      5360\n",
      "weighted avg       0.99      0.99      0.99      5360\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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gSmZVuZOmMZArImNEpKv8+IbPG31YL2PMIUiRuKdkVmmBVNWHiQ6QOwS4BVgj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\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 360x360 with 2 Axes>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "rf = RandomForestClassifier(random_state = 0)\n",
    "rf.fit(X_train,y_train) \n",
    "rf_score=rf.score(X_test,y_test)\n",
    "y_predict=rf.predict(X_test)\n",
    "y_true=y_test\n",
    "print('Accuracy of RF: '+ str(rf_score))\n",
    "precision,recall,fscore,none= precision_recall_fscore_support(y_true, y_predict, average='weighted') \n",
    "print('Precision of RF: '+(str(precision)))\n",
    "print('Recall of RF: '+(str(recall)))\n",
    "print('F1-score of RF: '+(str(fscore)))\n",
    "print(classification_report(y_true,y_predict))\n",
    "cm=confusion_matrix(y_true,y_predict)\n",
    "f,ax=plt.subplots(figsize=(5,5))\n",
    "sns.heatmap(cm,annot=True,linewidth=0.5,linecolor=\"red\",fmt=\".0f\",ax=ax)\n",
    "plt.xlabel(\"y_pred\")\n",
    "plt.ylabel(\"y_true\")\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Hyperparameter optimization (HPO) of random forest using Bayesian optimization with tree-based Parzen estimator (BO-TPE)\n",
    "Based on the GitHub repo for HPO: https://github.com/LiYangHart/Hyperparameter-Optimization-of-Machine-Learning-Algorithms"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 90,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "100%|███████████████████████████████████████████████| 20/20 [01:34<00:00,  4.72s/trial, best loss: -0.9955223880597015]\n",
      "Random Forest: Hyperopt estimated optimum {'n_estimators': 71.0, 'min_samples_leaf': 1.0, 'max_depth': 46.0, 'min_samples_split': 9.0, 'max_features': 20.0, 'criterion': 1}\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Hyperparameter optimization of random forest\n",
    "from hyperopt import hp, fmin, tpe, STATUS_OK, Trials\n",
    "from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score, StratifiedKFold\n",
    "# Define the objective function\n",
    "def objective(params):\n",
    "    params = {\n",
    "        'n_estimators': int(params['n_estimators']), \n",
    "        'max_depth': int(params['max_depth']),\n",
    "        'max_features': int(params['max_features']),\n",
    "        \"min_samples_split\":int(params['min_samples_split']),\n",
    "        \"min_samples_leaf\":int(params['min_samples_leaf']),\n",
    "        \"criterion\":str(params['criterion'])\n",
    "    }\n",
    "    clf = RandomForestClassifier( **params)\n",
    "    clf.fit(X_train,y_train)\n",
    "    score=clf.score(X_test,y_test)\n",
    "\n",
    "    return {'loss':-score, 'status': STATUS_OK }\n",
    "# Define the hyperparameter configuration space\n",
    "space = {\n",
    "    'n_estimators': hp.quniform('n_estimators', 10, 200, 1),\n",
    "    'max_depth': hp.quniform('max_depth', 5, 50, 1),\n",
    "    \"max_features\":hp.quniform('max_features', 1, 20, 1),\n",
    "    \"min_samples_split\":hp.quniform('min_samples_split',2,11,1),\n",
    "    \"min_samples_leaf\":hp.quniform('min_samples_leaf',1,11,1),\n",
    "    \"criterion\":hp.choice('criterion',['gini','entropy'])\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "best = fmin(fn=objective,\n",
    "            space=space,\n",
    "            algo=tpe.suggest,\n",
    "            max_evals=20)\n",
    "print(\"Random Forest: Hyperopt estimated optimum {}\".format(best))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 104,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Accuracy of RF: 0.9951492537313433\n",
      "Precision of RF: 0.9951646455154706\n",
      "Recall of RF: 0.9951492537313433\n",
      "F1-score of RF: 0.9951217831414103\n",
      "              precision    recall  f1-score   support\n",
      "\n",
      "           0       1.00      1.00      1.00      3645\n",
      "           1       0.99      1.00      0.99       393\n",
      "           2       1.00      1.00      1.00        19\n",
      "           3       1.00      1.00      1.00       609\n",
      "           4       1.00      0.71      0.83         7\n",
      "           5       0.98      1.00      0.99       251\n",
      "           6       0.99      0.99      0.99       436\n",
      "\n",
      "    accuracy                           1.00      5360\n",
      "   macro avg       0.99      0.96      0.97      5360\n",
      "weighted avg       1.00      1.00      1.00      5360\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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yxhyHFIl4SWQlJkhV7U1ogtxBwB3AOhF5XkROcz5fHtMjNMYcN8piDbLgMYo7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\npDHGuLAEaYwxLixBGmOMC0uQxhjj4v8BNPlwhcOloN8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 360x360 with 2 Axes>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "rf_hpo = RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators = 71, min_samples_leaf = 1, max_depth = 46, min_samples_split = 9, max_features = 20, criterion = 'entropy')\n",
    "rf_hpo.fit(X_train,y_train)\n",
    "rf_score=rf_hpo.score(X_test,y_test)\n",
    "y_predict=rf_hpo.predict(X_test)\n",
    "y_true=y_test\n",
    "print('Accuracy of RF: '+ str(rf_score))\n",
    "precision,recall,fscore,none= precision_recall_fscore_support(y_true, y_predict, average='weighted') \n",
    "print('Precision of RF: '+(str(precision)))\n",
    "print('Recall of RF: '+(str(recall)))\n",
    "print('F1-score of RF: '+(str(fscore)))\n",
    "print(classification_report(y_true,y_predict))\n",
    "cm=confusion_matrix(y_true,y_predict)\n",
    "f,ax=plt.subplots(figsize=(5,5))\n",
    "sns.heatmap(cm,annot=True,linewidth=0.5,linecolor=\"red\",fmt=\".0f\",ax=ax)\n",
    "plt.xlabel(\"y_pred\")\n",
    "plt.ylabel(\"y_true\")\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 105,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "rf_train=rf_hpo.predict(X_train)\n",
    "rf_test=rf_hpo.predict(X_test)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Apply DT"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 100,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Accuracy of DT: 0.9930970149253732\n",
      "Precision of DT: 0.9936778376607716\n",
      "Recall of DT: 0.9930970149253732\n",
      "F1-score of DT: 0.9933227091323931\n",
      "              precision    recall  f1-score   support\n",
      "\n",
      "           0       1.00      0.99      0.99      3645\n",
      "           1       0.99      1.00      0.99       393\n",
      "           2       1.00      1.00      1.00        19\n",
      "           3       0.99      1.00      1.00       609\n",
      "           4       0.42      0.71      0.53         7\n",
      "           5       0.98      1.00      0.99       251\n",
      "           6       0.98      0.99      0.98       436\n",
      "\n",
      "    accuracy                           0.99      5360\n",
      "   macro avg       0.91      0.96      0.93      5360\n",
      "weighted avg       0.99      0.99      0.99      5360\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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iqsc7Zf8AbgS2Oqvdr6qTnM/uA64HCoHeqvqhU94BeB6oAryiqgPLip3QCdIY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\nywAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 360x360 with 2 Axes>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dt = DecisionTreeClassifier(random_state = 0)\n",
    "dt.fit(X_train,y_train) \n",
    "dt_score=dt.score(X_test,y_test)\n",
    "y_predict=dt.predict(X_test)\n",
    "y_true=y_test\n",
    "print('Accuracy of DT: '+ str(dt_score))\n",
    "precision,recall,fscore,none= precision_recall_fscore_support(y_true, y_predict, average='weighted') \n",
    "print('Precision of DT: '+(str(precision)))\n",
    "print('Recall of DT: '+(str(recall)))\n",
    "print('F1-score of DT: '+(str(fscore)))\n",
    "print(classification_report(y_true,y_predict))\n",
    "cm=confusion_matrix(y_true,y_predict)\n",
    "f,ax=plt.subplots(figsize=(5,5))\n",
    "sns.heatmap(cm,annot=True,linewidth=0.5,linecolor=\"red\",fmt=\".0f\",ax=ax)\n",
    "plt.xlabel(\"y_pred\")\n",
    "plt.ylabel(\"y_true\")\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Hyperparameter optimization (HPO) of decision tree using Bayesian optimization with tree-based Parzen estimator (BO-TPE)\n",
    "Based on the GitHub repo for HPO: https://github.com/LiYangHart/Hyperparameter-Optimization-of-Machine-Learning-Algorithms"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 95,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "100%|███████████████████████████████████████████████| 50/50 [00:04<00:00, 11.13trial/s, best loss: -0.9936567164179104]\n",
      "Decision tree: Hyperopt estimated optimum {'min_samples_leaf': 2.0, 'max_depth': 47.0, 'min_samples_split': 3.0, 'max_features': 19.0, 'criterion': 0}\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Hyperparameter optimization of decision tree\n",
    "from hyperopt import hp, fmin, tpe, STATUS_OK, Trials\n",
    "from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score, StratifiedKFold\n",
    "# Define the objective function\n",
    "def objective(params):\n",
    "    params = {\n",
    "        'max_depth': int(params['max_depth']),\n",
    "        'max_features': int(params['max_features']),\n",
    "        \"min_samples_split\":int(params['min_samples_split']),\n",
    "        \"min_samples_leaf\":int(params['min_samples_leaf']),\n",
    "        \"criterion\":str(params['criterion'])\n",
    "    }\n",
    "    clf = DecisionTreeClassifier( **params)\n",
    "    clf.fit(X_train,y_train)\n",
    "    score=clf.score(X_test,y_test)\n",
    "\n",
    "    return {'loss':-score, 'status': STATUS_OK }\n",
    "# Define the hyperparameter configuration space\n",
    "space = {\n",
    "    'max_depth': hp.quniform('max_depth', 5, 50, 1),\n",
    "    \"max_features\":hp.quniform('max_features', 1, 20, 1),\n",
    "    \"min_samples_split\":hp.quniform('min_samples_split',2,11,1),\n",
    "    \"min_samples_leaf\":hp.quniform('min_samples_leaf',1,11,1),\n",
    "    \"criterion\":hp.choice('criterion',['gini','entropy'])\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "best = fmin(fn=objective,\n",
    "            space=space,\n",
    "            algo=tpe.suggest,\n",
    "            max_evals=50)\n",
    "print(\"Decision tree: Hyperopt estimated optimum {}\".format(best))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 101,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Accuracy of DT: 0.9936567164179104\n",
      "Precision of DT: 0.9940667447648622\n",
      "Recall of DT: 0.9936567164179104\n",
      "F1-score of DT: 0.9938179408993949\n",
      "              precision    recall  f1-score   support\n",
      "\n",
      "           0       1.00      0.99      1.00      3645\n",
      "           1       0.99      1.00      0.99       393\n",
      "           2       1.00      1.00      1.00        19\n",
      "           3       1.00      1.00      1.00       609\n",
      "           4       0.45      0.71      0.56         7\n",
      "           5       0.98      1.00      0.99       251\n",
      "           6       0.99      0.98      0.98       436\n",
      "\n",
      "    accuracy                           0.99      5360\n",
      "   macro avg       0.92      0.95      0.93      5360\n",
      "weighted avg       0.99      0.99      0.99      5360\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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1WII4f4sffOx4iA/EfZM5Vl7WIOsANwGdili+9yro/AVLaNiwAfXrZ5CSkkLXrp2ZMHGa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\niv8H+2LyHdCVZ/oAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 360x360 with 2 Axes>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dt_hpo = DecisionTreeClassifier(min_samples_leaf = 2, max_depth = 47, min_samples_split = 3, max_features = 19, criterion = 'gini')\n",
    "dt_hpo.fit(X_train,y_train)\n",
    "dt_score=dt_hpo.score(X_test,y_test)\n",
    "y_predict=dt_hpo.predict(X_test)\n",
    "y_true=y_test\n",
    "print('Accuracy of DT: '+ str(dt_score))\n",
    "precision,recall,fscore,none= precision_recall_fscore_support(y_true, y_predict, average='weighted') \n",
    "print('Precision of DT: '+(str(precision)))\n",
    "print('Recall of DT: '+(str(recall)))\n",
    "print('F1-score of DT: '+(str(fscore)))\n",
    "print(classification_report(y_true,y_predict))\n",
    "cm=confusion_matrix(y_true,y_predict)\n",
    "f,ax=plt.subplots(figsize=(5,5))\n",
    "sns.heatmap(cm,annot=True,linewidth=0.5,linecolor=\"red\",fmt=\".0f\",ax=ax)\n",
    "plt.xlabel(\"y_pred\")\n",
    "plt.ylabel(\"y_true\")\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 102,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "dt_train=dt_hpo.predict(X_train)\n",
    "dt_test=dt_hpo.predict(X_test)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Apply ET"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 106,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Accuracy of ET: 0.9957089552238806\n",
      "Precision of ET: 0.9957161969649261\n",
      "Recall of ET: 0.9957089552238806\n",
      "F1-score of ET: 0.9956792533287913\n",
      "              precision    recall  f1-score   support\n",
      "\n",
      "           0       1.00      1.00      1.00      3645\n",
      "           1       0.99      1.00      1.00       393\n",
      "           2       1.00      1.00      1.00        19\n",
      "           3       0.99      0.99      0.99       609\n",
      "           4       1.00      0.71      0.83         7\n",
      "           5       0.99      1.00      0.99       251\n",
      "           6       1.00      0.99      1.00       436\n",
      "\n",
      "    accuracy                           1.00      5360\n",
      "   macro avg       1.00      0.96      0.97      5360\n",
      "weighted avg       1.00      1.00      1.00      5360\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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S7ba6hE6QQc+HaPFTeD5Eix+TePRKi8hIoAewU1V/45T9A/gTsMtZ7V5Vnea8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\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 360x360 with 2 Axes>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "et = ExtraTreesClassifier(random_state = 0)\n",
    "et.fit(X_train,y_train) \n",
    "et_score=et.score(X_test,y_test)\n",
    "y_predict=et.predict(X_test)\n",
    "y_true=y_test\n",
    "print('Accuracy of ET: '+ str(et_score))\n",
    "precision,recall,fscore,none= precision_recall_fscore_support(y_true, y_predict, average='weighted') \n",
    "print('Precision of ET: '+(str(precision)))\n",
    "print('Recall of ET: '+(str(recall)))\n",
    "print('F1-score of ET: '+(str(fscore)))\n",
    "print(classification_report(y_true,y_predict))\n",
    "cm=confusion_matrix(y_true,y_predict)\n",
    "f,ax=plt.subplots(figsize=(5,5))\n",
    "sns.heatmap(cm,annot=True,linewidth=0.5,linecolor=\"red\",fmt=\".0f\",ax=ax)\n",
    "plt.xlabel(\"y_pred\")\n",
    "plt.ylabel(\"y_true\")\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Hyperparameter optimization (HPO) of extra trees using Bayesian optimization with tree-based Parzen estimator (BO-TPE)\n",
    "Based on the GitHub repo for HPO: https://github.com/LiYangHart/Hyperparameter-Optimization-of-Machine-Learning-Algorithms"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 107,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "100%|███████████████████████████████████████████████| 20/20 [00:25<00:00,  1.28s/trial, best loss: -0.9955223880597015]\n",
      "Random Forest: Hyperopt estimated optimum {'n_estimators': 53.0, 'min_samples_leaf': 1.0, 'max_depth': 31.0, 'min_samples_split': 5.0, 'max_features': 20.0, 'criterion': 1}\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Hyperparameter optimization of extra trees\n",
    "from hyperopt import hp, fmin, tpe, STATUS_OK, Trials\n",
    "from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score, StratifiedKFold\n",
    "# Define the objective function\n",
    "def objective(params):\n",
    "    params = {\n",
    "        'n_estimators': int(params['n_estimators']), \n",
    "        'max_depth': int(params['max_depth']),\n",
    "        'max_features': int(params['max_features']),\n",
    "        \"min_samples_split\":int(params['min_samples_split']),\n",
    "        \"min_samples_leaf\":int(params['min_samples_leaf']),\n",
    "        \"criterion\":str(params['criterion'])\n",
    "    }\n",
    "    clf = ExtraTreesClassifier( **params)\n",
    "    clf.fit(X_train,y_train)\n",
    "    score=clf.score(X_test,y_test)\n",
    "\n",
    "    return {'loss':-score, 'status': STATUS_OK }\n",
    "# Define the hyperparameter configuration space\n",
    "space = {\n",
    "    'n_estimators': hp.quniform('n_estimators', 10, 200, 1),\n",
    "    'max_depth': hp.quniform('max_depth', 5, 50, 1),\n",
    "    \"max_features\":hp.quniform('max_features', 1, 20, 1),\n",
    "    \"min_samples_split\":hp.quniform('min_samples_split',2,11,1),\n",
    "    \"min_samples_leaf\":hp.quniform('min_samples_leaf',1,11,1),\n",
    "    \"criterion\":hp.choice('criterion',['gini','entropy'])\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "best = fmin(fn=objective,\n",
    "            space=space,\n",
    "            algo=tpe.suggest,\n",
    "            max_evals=20)\n",
    "print(\"Random Forest: Hyperopt estimated optimum {}\".format(best))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 108,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Accuracy of ET: 0.9955223880597015\n",
      "Precision of ET: 0.9955353802920419\n",
      "Recall of ET: 0.9955223880597015\n",
      "F1-score of ET: 0.9954932494250629\n",
      "              precision    recall  f1-score   support\n",
      "\n",
      "           0       1.00      1.00      1.00      3645\n",
      "           1       0.99      1.00      1.00       393\n",
      "           2       1.00      1.00      1.00        19\n",
      "           3       0.99      1.00      0.99       609\n",
      "           4       1.00      0.71      0.83         7\n",
      "           5       0.98      1.00      0.99       251\n",
      "           6       1.00      0.99      0.99       436\n",
      "\n",
      "    accuracy                           1.00      5360\n",
      "   macro avg       0.99      0.96      0.97      5360\n",
      "weighted avg       1.00      1.00      1.00      5360\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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xXUNjzAmjIvYgix6juNOZ8oFTgHdF5C9xXDdjzAkm2QpkeZ5q+ADh+6e/Bl4D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\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 360x360 with 2 Axes>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "et_hpo = ExtraTreesClassifier(n_estimators = 53, min_samples_leaf = 1, max_depth = 31, min_samples_split = 5, max_features = 20, criterion = 'entropy')\n",
    "et_hpo.fit(X_train,y_train) \n",
    "et_score=et_hpo.score(X_test,y_test)\n",
    "y_predict=et_hpo.predict(X_test)\n",
    "y_true=y_test\n",
    "print('Accuracy of ET: '+ str(et_score))\n",
    "precision,recall,fscore,none= precision_recall_fscore_support(y_true, y_predict, average='weighted') \n",
    "print('Precision of ET: '+(str(precision)))\n",
    "print('Recall of ET: '+(str(recall)))\n",
    "print('F1-score of ET: '+(str(fscore)))\n",
    "print(classification_report(y_true,y_predict))\n",
    "cm=confusion_matrix(y_true,y_predict)\n",
    "f,ax=plt.subplots(figsize=(5,5))\n",
    "sns.heatmap(cm,annot=True,linewidth=0.5,linecolor=\"red\",fmt=\".0f\",ax=ax)\n",
    "plt.xlabel(\"y_pred\")\n",
    "plt.ylabel(\"y_true\")\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 109,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "et_train=et_hpo.predict(X_train)\n",
    "et_test=et_hpo.predict(X_test)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Apply Stacking\n",
    "The ensemble model that combines the four ML models (DT, RF, ET, XGBoost)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 116,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>DecisionTree</th>\n",
       "      <th>ExtraTrees</th>\n",
       "      <th>RandomForest</th>\n",
       "      <th>XgBoost</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   DecisionTree  ExtraTrees  RandomForest  XgBoost\n",
       "0             0           0             0        0\n",
       "1             0           0             0        0\n",
       "2             1           1             1        1\n",
       "3             0           0             0        0\n",
       "4             3           3             3        3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 116,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "base_predictions_train = pd.DataFrame( {\n",
    "    'DecisionTree': dt_train.ravel(),\n",
    "        'RandomForest': rf_train.ravel(),\n",
    "     'ExtraTrees': et_train.ravel(),\n",
    "     'XgBoost': xg_train.ravel(),\n",
    "    })\n",
    "base_predictions_train.head(5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 117,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "dt_train=dt_train.reshape(-1, 1)\n",
    "et_train=et_train.reshape(-1, 1)\n",
    "rf_train=rf_train.reshape(-1, 1)\n",
    "xg_train=xg_train.reshape(-1, 1)\n",
    "dt_test=dt_test.reshape(-1, 1)\n",
    "et_test=et_test.reshape(-1, 1)\n",
    "rf_test=rf_test.reshape(-1, 1)\n",
    "xg_test=xg_test.reshape(-1, 1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 118,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(23334, 1)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 118,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dt_train.shape"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 119,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x_train = np.concatenate(( dt_train, et_train, rf_train, xg_train), axis=1)\n",
    "x_test = np.concatenate(( dt_test, et_test, rf_test, xg_test), axis=1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 120,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Accuracy of Stacking: 0.9955223880597015\n",
      "Precision of Stacking: 0.9955023011268291\n",
      "Recall of Stacking: 0.9955223880597015\n",
      "F1-score of Stacking: 0.99550369632154\n",
      "              precision    recall  f1-score   support\n",
      "\n",
      "           0       1.00      1.00      1.00      3645\n",
      "           1       0.99      1.00      1.00       393\n",
      "           2       1.00      1.00      1.00        19\n",
      "           3       1.00      1.00      1.00       609\n",
      "           4       0.83      0.71      0.77         7\n",
      "           5       0.99      1.00      0.99       251\n",
      "           6       0.99      0.99      0.99       436\n",
      "\n",
      "    accuracy                           1.00      5360\n",
      "   macro avg       0.97      0.96      0.96      5360\n",
      "weighted avg       1.00      1.00      1.00      5360\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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mJJYbxRLPijOSpjqwSERGi0hr+fWAz3ticFzGmJOQIhEv8azIBKmqzxGcIHcw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\nAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 360x360 with 2 Axes>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "stk = xgb.XGBClassifier().fit(x_train, y_train)\n",
    "y_predict=stk.predict(x_test)\n",
    "y_true=y_test\n",
    "stk_score=accuracy_score(y_true,y_predict)\n",
    "print('Accuracy of Stacking: '+ str(stk_score))\n",
    "precision,recall,fscore,none= precision_recall_fscore_support(y_true, y_predict, average='weighted') \n",
    "print('Precision of Stacking: '+(str(precision)))\n",
    "print('Recall of Stacking: '+(str(recall)))\n",
    "print('F1-score of Stacking: '+(str(fscore)))\n",
    "print(classification_report(y_true,y_predict))\n",
    "cm=confusion_matrix(y_true,y_predict)\n",
    "f,ax=plt.subplots(figsize=(5,5))\n",
    "sns.heatmap(cm,annot=True,linewidth=0.5,linecolor=\"red\",fmt=\".0f\",ax=ax)\n",
    "plt.xlabel(\"y_pred\")\n",
    "plt.ylabel(\"y_true\")\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Hyperparameter optimization (HPO) of the stacking ensemble model (XGBoost) using Bayesian optimization with tree-based Parzen estimator (BO-TPE)\n",
    "Based on the GitHub repo for HPO: https://github.com/LiYangHart/Hyperparameter-Optimization-of-Machine-Learning-Algorithms"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 123,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "100%|███████████████████████████████████████████████| 20/20 [00:08<00:00,  2.34trial/s, best loss: -0.9957089552238806]\n",
      "XGBoost: Hyperopt estimated optimum {'learning_rate': -0.19229249758051492, 'n_estimators': 30.0, 'max_depth': 36.0}\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from hyperopt import hp, fmin, tpe, STATUS_OK, Trials\n",
    "from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score, StratifiedKFold\n",
    "def objective(params):\n",
    "    params = {\n",
    "        'n_estimators': int(params['n_estimators']), \n",
    "        'max_depth': int(params['max_depth']),\n",
    "        'learning_rate':  abs(float(params['learning_rate'])),\n",
    "\n",
    "    }\n",
    "    clf = xgb.XGBClassifier( **params)\n",
    "    clf.fit(x_train, y_train)\n",
    "    y_pred = clf.predict(x_test)\n",
    "    score = accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred)\n",
    "\n",
    "    return {'loss':-score, 'status': STATUS_OK }\n",
    "\n",
    "space = {\n",
    "    'n_estimators': hp.quniform('n_estimators', 10, 100, 5),\n",
    "    'max_depth': hp.quniform('max_depth', 4, 100, 1),\n",
    "    'learning_rate': hp.normal('learning_rate', 0.01, 0.9),\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "best = fmin(fn=objective,\n",
    "            space=space,\n",
    "            algo=tpe.suggest,\n",
    "            max_evals=20)\n",
    "print(\"XGBoost: Hyperopt estimated optimum {}\".format(best))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 124,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Accuracy of XGBoost: 0.9957089552238806\n",
      "Precision of XGBoost: 0.9956893766598436\n",
      "Recall of XGBoost: 0.9957089552238806\n",
      "F1-score of XGBoost: 0.9956902750637269\n",
      "              precision    recall  f1-score   support\n",
      "\n",
      "           0       1.00      1.00      1.00      3645\n",
      "           1       0.99      1.00      1.00       393\n",
      "           2       1.00      1.00      1.00        19\n",
      "           3       1.00      1.00      1.00       609\n",
      "           4       0.83      0.71      0.77         7\n",
      "           5       0.99      1.00      0.99       251\n",
      "           6       0.99      0.99      0.99       436\n",
      "\n",
      "    accuracy                           1.00      5360\n",
      "   macro avg       0.97      0.96      0.96      5360\n",
      "weighted avg       1.00      1.00      1.00      5360\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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bMeYYk2gJsiRPNXyQ8Pjp74C3gJ6qmi0iIWAt0Cu2h2iMOVbEe5M5WiXpxa4O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\nliCNMcaFJUhjjHFhCdIYY1z8P2QIZHTK6RiuAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 360x360 with 2 Axes>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "xg = xgb.XGBClassifier(learning_rate= 0.19229249758051492, n_estimators = 30, max_depth = 36)\n",
    "xg.fit(x_train,y_train)\n",
    "xg_score=xg.score(x_test,y_test)\n",
    "y_predict=xg.predict(x_test)\n",
    "y_true=y_test\n",
    "print('Accuracy of XGBoost: '+ str(xg_score))\n",
    "precision,recall,fscore,none= precision_recall_fscore_support(y_true, y_predict, average='weighted') \n",
    "print('Precision of XGBoost: '+(str(precision)))\n",
    "print('Recall of XGBoost: '+(str(recall)))\n",
    "print('F1-score of XGBoost: '+(str(fscore)))\n",
    "print(classification_report(y_true,y_predict))\n",
    "cm=confusion_matrix(y_true,y_predict)\n",
    "f,ax=plt.subplots(figsize=(5,5))\n",
    "sns.heatmap(cm,annot=True,linewidth=0.5,linecolor=\"red\",fmt=\".0f\",ax=ax)\n",
    "plt.xlabel(\"y_pred\")\n",
    "plt.ylabel(\"y_true\")\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "## Anomaly-based IDS"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Generate the port-scan datasets for unknown attack detection"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 131,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df=pd.read_csv('./data/CICIDS2017_sample_km.csv')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 132,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    18225\n",
       "3     3042\n",
       "6     2180\n",
       "1     1966\n",
       "5     1255\n",
       "2       96\n",
       "4       36\n",
       "Name: Label, dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 132,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.Label.value_counts()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 144,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df1 = df[df['Label'] != 5]\n",
    "df1['Label'][df1['Label'] > 0] = 1\n",
    "df1.to_csv('./data/CICIDS2017_sample_km_without_portscan.csv',index=0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 145,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df2 = df[df['Label'] == 5]\n",
    "df2['Label'][df2['Label'] == 5] = 1\n",
    "df2.to_csv('./data/CICIDS2017_sample_km_portscan.csv',index=0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Read the generated datasets for unknown attack detection"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 67,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df1 = pd.read_csv('./data/CICIDS2017_sample_km_without_portscan.csv')\n",
    "df2 = pd.read_csv('./data/CICIDS2017_sample_km_portscan.csv')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 68,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "features = df1.drop(['Label'],axis=1).dtypes[df1.dtypes != 'object'].index\n",
    "df1[features] = df1[features].apply(\n",
    "    lambda x: (x - x.mean()) / (x.std()))\n",
    "df2[features] = df2[features].apply(\n",
    "    lambda x: (x - x.mean()) / (x.std()))\n",
    "df1 = df1.fillna(0)\n",
    "df2 = df2.fillna(0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 69,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    18225\n",
       "1     7320\n",
       "Name: Label, dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 69,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df1.Label.value_counts()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 70,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1    1255\n",
       "Name: Label, dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 70,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df2.Label.value_counts()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 71,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df2p=df1[df1['Label']==0]\n",
    "df2pp=df2p.sample(n=None, frac=1255/18225, replace=False, weights=None, random_state=None, axis=0)\n",
    "df2=pd.concat([df2, df2pp])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1    1255\n",
       "0    1255\n",
       "Name: Label, dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 72,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df2.Label.value_counts()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 73,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df = df1.append(df2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 74,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    19480\n",
       "1     8575\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 74,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "X = df.drop(['Label'],axis=1) .values\n",
    "y = df.iloc[:, -1].values.reshape(-1,1)\n",
    "y=np.ravel(y)\n",
    "pd.Series(y).value_counts()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Feature engineering (IG, FCBF, and KPCA)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Feature selection by information gain (IG)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 75,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from sklearn.feature_selection import mutual_info_classif\n",
    "importances = mutual_info_classif(X, y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 76,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# calculate the sum of importance scores\n",
    "f_list = sorted(zip(map(lambda x: round(x, 4), importances), features), reverse=True)\n",
    "Sum = 0\n",
    "fs = []\n",
    "for i in range(0, len(f_list)):\n",
    "    Sum = Sum + f_list[i][0]\n",
    "    fs.append(f_list[i][1])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 77,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# select the important features from top to bottom until the accumulated importance reaches 90%\n",
    "f_list2 = sorted(zip(map(lambda x: round(x, 4), importances/Sum), features), reverse=True)\n",
    "Sum2 = 0\n",
    "fs = []\n",
    "for i in range(0, len(f_list2)):\n",
    "    Sum2 = Sum2 + f_list2[i][0]\n",
    "    fs.append(f_list2[i][1])\n",
    "    if Sum2>=0.9:\n",
    "        break        "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 78,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "X_fs = df[fs].values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 79,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(28055, 50)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 79,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "X_fs.shape"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 80,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[-0.34612159, -0.51326791, -0.44364535, ..., -0.11333586,\n",
       "        -0.13353417, -0.05349902],\n",
       "       [-0.3443274 , -0.51326791, -0.44364535, ..., -0.11333586,\n",
       "        -0.13353417, -0.05349902],\n",
       "       [-0.3443274 , -0.51326791, -0.44364535, ..., -0.11333586,\n",
       "        -0.13353417, -0.05349902],\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "       [-0.36859622, -0.20454057, -0.32295149, ..., -0.11333586,\n",
       "        -0.13353417, -0.05349902],\n",
       "       [-0.3561313 ,  0.63721854,  0.36583358, ..., -0.11333586,\n",
       "        -0.13353417,  0.00459227],\n",
       "       [ 2.7318634 , -0.53347551, -0.44364535, ..., -0.11333586,\n",
       "        -0.13353417, -0.05349902]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 80,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "X_fs"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Feature selection by Fast Correlation Based Filter (FCBF)\n",
    "\n",
    "The module is imported from the GitHub repo: https://github.com/SantiagoEG/FCBF_module"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 81,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from FCBF_module import FCBF, FCBFK, FCBFiP, get_i\n",
    "fcbf = FCBFK(k = 20)\n",
    "#fcbf.fit(X_fs, y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 82,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "X_fss = fcbf.fit_transform(X_fs,y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 83,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(28055, 20)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 83,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "X_fss.shape"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 84,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[-0.34612159, -0.53319222, -0.34935843, ..., -0.42229765,\n",
       "        -0.2803002 , -0.41947688],\n",
       "       [-0.3443274 , -0.54906516, -0.34935843, ..., -0.42229765,\n",
       "        -0.2803002 , -0.41947688],\n",
       "       [-0.3443274 , -0.55544206, -0.34935843, ..., -0.42229765,\n",
       "        -0.2803002 , -0.41947688],\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "       [-0.36859622, -0.56375976, -0.34935843, ..., -0.42229765,\n",
       "        -0.2803002 , -0.32403604],\n",
       "       [-0.3561313 ,  0.00413109, -0.33807808, ..., -0.41021078,\n",
       "        -0.27174505,  0.36453998],\n",
       "       [ 2.7318634 , -0.53929186, -0.34935843, ..., -0.42229765,\n",
       "        -0.2803002 , -0.42271216]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 84,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "X_fss"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "####  kernel principal component analysis (KPCA)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 123,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from sklearn.decomposition import KernelPCA\n",
    "kpca = KernelPCA(n_components = 10, kernel = 'rbf')\n",
    "kpca.fit(X_fss, y)\n",
    "X_kpca = kpca.transform(X_fss)\n",
    "\n",
    "# from sklearn.decomposition import PCA\n",
    "# kpca = PCA(n_components = 10)\n",
    "# kpca.fit(X_fss, y)\n",
    "# X_kpca = kpca.transform(X_fss)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Train-test split after feature selection"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 86,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "X_train = X_kpca[:len(df1)]\n",
    "y_train = y[:len(df1)]\n",
    "X_test = X_kpca[len(df1):]\n",
    "y_test = y[len(df1):]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Solve class-imbalance by SMOTE"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 87,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    18225\n",
       "1     7320\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 87,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.Series(y_train).value_counts()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 88,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from imblearn.over_sampling import SMOTE\n",
    "smote=SMOTE(n_jobs=-1,sampling_strategy={1:18225})\n",
    "X_train, y_train = smote.fit_resample(X_train, y_train)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 89,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1    18225\n",
       "0    18225\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 89,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.Series(y_train).value_counts()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 90,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1    1255\n",
       "0    1255\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 90,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.Series(y_test).value_counts()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Apply the cluster labeling (CL) k-means method"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 91,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from sklearn.cluster import KMeans\n",
    "from sklearn.cluster import DBSCAN,MeanShift\n",
    "from sklearn.cluster import SpectralClustering,AgglomerativeClustering,AffinityPropagation,Birch,MiniBatchKMeans,MeanShift \n",
    "from sklearn.mixture import GaussianMixture, BayesianGaussianMixture\n",
    "from sklearn.metrics import classification_report\n",
    "from sklearn import metrics"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 124,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def CL_kmeans(X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test,n,b=100):\n",
    "    km_cluster = MiniBatchKMeans(n_clusters=n,batch_size=b)\n",
    "    result = km_cluster.fit_predict(X_train)\n",
    "    result2 = km_cluster.predict(X_test)\n",
    "\n",
    "    count=0\n",
    "    a=np.zeros(n)\n",
    "    b=np.zeros(n)\n",
    "    for v in range(0,n):\n",
    "        for i in range(0,len(y_train)):\n",
    "            if result[i]==v:\n",
    "                if y_train[i]==1:\n",
    "                    a[v]=a[v]+1\n",
    "                else:\n",
    "                    b[v]=b[v]+1\n",
    "    list1=[]\n",
    "    list2=[]\n",
    "    for v in range(0,n):\n",
    "        if a[v]<=b[v]:\n",
    "            list1.append(v)\n",
    "        else: \n",
    "            list2.append(v)\n",
    "    for v in range(0,len(y_test)):\n",
    "        if result2[v] in list1:\n",
    "            result2[v]=0\n",
    "        elif result2[v] in list2:\n",
    "            result2[v]=1\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            print(\"-1\")\n",
    "    print(classification_report(y_test, result2))\n",
    "    cm=confusion_matrix(y_test,result2)\n",
    "    acc=metrics.accuracy_score(y_test,result2)\n",
    "    print(str(acc))\n",
    "    print(cm)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 94,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "              precision    recall  f1-score   support\n",
      "\n",
      "           0       0.58      0.69      0.63      1255\n",
      "           1       0.62      0.51      0.56      1255\n",
      "\n",
      "    accuracy                           0.60      2510\n",
      "   macro avg       0.60      0.60      0.60      2510\n",
      "weighted avg       0.60      0.60      0.60      2510\n",
      "\n",
      "0.5984063745019921\n",
      "[[864 391]\n",
      " [617 638]]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "CL_kmeans(X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test, 8)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Hyperparameter optimization of CL-k-means\n",
    "Tune \"k\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 120,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "30 0.6972111553784861\n",
      "43 0.7127490039840637\n",
      "43 0.399203187250996\n",
      "43 0.47051792828685257\n",
      "32 0.653784860557769\n",
      "20 0.34860557768924305\n",
      "16 0.9195219123505977\n",
      "5 0.4370517928286853\n",
      "15 0.6729083665338645\n",
      "25 0.7063745019920319\n",
      "2 0.47808764940239046\n",
      "50 0.4199203187250996\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "C:\\Program Files\\Anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\skopt\\optimizer\\optimizer.py:409: UserWarning: The objective has been evaluated at this point before.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"The objective has been evaluated \"\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2 0.47768924302788845\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "C:\\Program Files\\Anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\skopt\\optimizer\\optimizer.py:409: UserWarning: The objective has been evaluated at this point before.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"The objective has been evaluated \"\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "50 0.39282868525896414\n",
      "17 0.42828685258964144\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "C:\\Program Files\\Anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\skopt\\optimizer\\optimizer.py:409: UserWarning: The objective has been evaluated at this point before.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"The objective has been evaluated \"\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2 0.47768924302788845\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "C:\\Program Files\\Anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\skopt\\optimizer\\optimizer.py:409: UserWarning: The objective has been evaluated at this point before.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"The objective has been evaluated \"\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2 0.47768924302788845\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "C:\\Program Files\\Anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\skopt\\optimizer\\optimizer.py:409: UserWarning: The objective has been evaluated at this point before.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"The objective has been evaluated \"\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "16 0.6992031872509961\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "C:\\Program Files\\Anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\skopt\\optimizer\\optimizer.py:409: UserWarning: The objective has been evaluated at this point before.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"The objective has been evaluated \"\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "16 0.3737051792828685\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "C:\\Program Files\\Anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\skopt\\optimizer\\optimizer.py:409: UserWarning: The objective has been evaluated at this point before.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"The objective has been evaluated \"\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "50 0.6250996015936255\n",
      "9.127083539962769\n",
      "Best score=0.9195\n",
      "Best parameters: n_clusters=16\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Hyperparameter optimization by BO-GP\n",
    "from skopt.space import Real, Integer\n",
    "from skopt.utils import use_named_args\n",
    "from sklearn import metrics\n",
    "\n",
    "space  = [Integer(2, 50, name='n_clusters')]\n",
    "@use_named_args(space)\n",
    "def objective(**params):\n",
    "    km_cluster = MiniBatchKMeans(batch_size=100, **params)\n",
    "    n=params['n_clusters']\n",
    "    \n",
    "    result = km_cluster.fit_predict(X_train)\n",
    "    result2 = km_cluster.predict(X_test)\n",
    "\n",
    "    count=0\n",
    "    a=np.zeros(n)\n",
    "    b=np.zeros(n)\n",
    "    for v in range(0,n):\n",
    "        for i in range(0,len(y_train)):\n",
    "            if result[i]==v:\n",
    "                if y_train[i]==1:\n",
    "                    a[v]=a[v]+1\n",
    "                else:\n",
    "                    b[v]=b[v]+1\n",
    "    list1=[]\n",
    "    list2=[]\n",
    "    for v in range(0,n):\n",
    "        if a[v]<=b[v]:\n",
    "            list1.append(v)\n",
    "        else: \n",
    "            list2.append(v)\n",
    "    for v in range(0,len(y_test)):\n",
    "        if result2[v] in list1:\n",
    "            result2[v]=0\n",
    "        elif result2[v] in list2:\n",
    "            result2[v]=1\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            print(\"-1\")\n",
    "    cm=metrics.accuracy_score(y_test,result2)\n",
    "    print(str(n)+\" \"+str(cm))\n",
    "    return (1-cm)\n",
    "from skopt import gp_minimize\n",
    "import time\n",
    "t1=time.time()\n",
    "res_gp = gp_minimize(objective, space, n_calls=20, random_state=0)\n",
    "t2=time.time()\n",
    "print(t2-t1)\n",
    "print(\"Best score=%.4f\" % (1-res_gp.fun))\n",
    "print(\"\"\"Best parameters: n_clusters=%d\"\"\" % (res_gp.x[0]))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 121,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "23 0.34422310756972113\n",
      "15 0.6685258964143427\n",
      "46 0.450199203187251\n",
      "15 0.4896414342629482\n",
      "29 0.6824701195219124\n",
      "36 0.3888446215139442\n",
      "22 0.35776892430278884\n",
      "25 0.34860557768924305\n",
      "42 0.41832669322709165\n",
      "27 0.47051792828685257\n",
      "26 0.39402390438247015\n",
      "25 0.6824701195219124\n",
      "33 0.3848605577689243\n",
      "19 0.7191235059760956\n",
      "6 0.5824701195219123\n",
      "21 0.6697211155378486\n",
      "24 0.451394422310757\n",
      "37 0.4681274900398406\n",
      "14 0.47250996015936253\n",
      "21 0.8434262948207172\n",
      "100%|███████████████████████████████████████████████| 20/20 [00:06<00:00,  2.87trial/s, best loss: 0.15657370517928282]\n",
      "Random Forest: Hyperopt estimated optimum {'n_clusters': 21.0}\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Hyperparameter optimization by BO-TPE\n",
    "from hyperopt import hp, fmin, tpe, STATUS_OK, Trials\n",
    "from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score, StratifiedKFold\n",
    "from sklearn.cluster import MiniBatchKMeans\n",
    "from sklearn import metrics\n",
    "\n",
    "def objective(params):\n",
    "    params = {\n",
    "        'n_clusters': int(params['n_clusters']), \n",
    "    }\n",
    "    km_cluster = MiniBatchKMeans(batch_size=100, **params)\n",
    "    n=params['n_clusters']\n",
    "    \n",
    "    result = km_cluster.fit_predict(X_train)\n",
    "    result2 = km_cluster.predict(X_test)\n",
    "\n",
    "    count=0\n",
    "    a=np.zeros(n)\n",
    "    b=np.zeros(n)\n",
    "    for v in range(0,n):\n",
    "        for i in range(0,len(y_train)):\n",
    "            if result[i]==v:\n",
    "                if y_train[i]==1:\n",
    "                    a[v]=a[v]+1\n",
    "                else:\n",
    "                    b[v]=b[v]+1\n",
    "    list1=[]\n",
    "    list2=[]\n",
    "    for v in range(0,n):\n",
    "        if a[v]<=b[v]:\n",
    "            list1.append(v)\n",
    "        else: \n",
    "            list2.append(v)\n",
    "    for v in range(0,len(y_test)):\n",
    "        if result2[v] in list1:\n",
    "            result2[v]=0\n",
    "        elif result2[v] in list2:\n",
    "            result2[v]=1\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            print(\"-1\")\n",
    "    score=metrics.accuracy_score(y_test,result2)\n",
    "    print(str(params['n_clusters'])+\" \"+str(score))\n",
    "    return {'loss':1-score, 'status': STATUS_OK }\n",
    "space = {\n",
    "    'n_clusters': hp.quniform('n_clusters', 2, 50, 1),\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "best = fmin(fn=objective,\n",
    "            space=space,\n",
    "            algo=tpe.suggest,\n",
    "            max_evals=20)\n",
    "print(\"Random Forest: Hyperopt estimated optimum {}\".format(best))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 122,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "              precision    recall  f1-score   support\n",
      "\n",
      "           0       0.99      0.90      0.94      1255\n",
      "           1       0.91      0.99      0.95      1255\n",
      "\n",
      "    accuracy                           0.95      2510\n",
      "   macro avg       0.95      0.95      0.94      2510\n",
      "weighted avg       0.95      0.95      0.94      2510\n",
      "\n",
      "0.9450199203187251\n",
      "[[1127  128]\n",
      " [  10 1245]]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "CL_kmeans(X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test, 16)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Apply the CL-k-means model with biased classifiers"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 125,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Only a sample code to show the logic. It needs to work on the entire dataset to generate sufficient training samples for biased classifiers\n",
    "def Anomaly_IDS(X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test,n,b=100):\n",
    "    # CL-kmeans\n",
    "    km_cluster = MiniBatchKMeans(n_clusters=n,batch_size=b)\n",
    "    result = km_cluster.fit_predict(X_train)\n",
    "    result2 = km_cluster.predict(X_test)\n",
    "\n",
    "    count=0\n",
    "    a=np.zeros(n)\n",
    "    b=np.zeros(n)\n",
    "    for v in range(0,n):\n",
    "        for i in range(0,len(y_train)):\n",
    "            if result[i]==v:\n",
    "                if y_train[i]==1:\n",
    "                    a[v]=a[v]+1\n",
    "                else:\n",
    "                    b[v]=b[v]+1\n",
    "    list1=[]\n",
    "    list2=[]\n",
    "    for v in range(0,n):\n",
    "        if a[v]<=b[v]:\n",
    "            list1.append(v)\n",
    "        else: \n",
    "            list2.append(v)\n",
    "    for v in range(0,len(y_test)):\n",
    "        if result2[v] in list1:\n",
    "            result2[v]=0\n",
    "        elif result2[v] in list2:\n",
    "            result2[v]=1\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            print(\"-1\")\n",
    "    print(classification_report(y_test, result2))\n",
    "    cm=confusion_matrix(y_test,result2)\n",
    "    acc=metrics.accuracy_score(y2,result2)\n",
    "    print(str(acc))\n",
    "    print(cm)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    #Biased classifier construction\n",
    "    count=0\n",
    "    print(len(y))\n",
    "    a=np.zeros(n)\n",
    "    b=np.zeros(n)\n",
    "    FNL=[]\n",
    "    FPL=[]\n",
    "    for v in range(0,n):\n",
    "        al=[]\n",
    "        bl=[]\n",
    "        for i in range(0,len(y)):   \n",
    "            if result[i]==v:        \n",
    "                if y[i]==1:        #label 1\n",
    "                    a[v]=a[v]+1\n",
    "                    al.append(i)\n",
    "                else:             #label 0\n",
    "                    b[v]=b[v]+1\n",
    "                    bl.append(i)\n",
    "        if a[v]<=b[v]:\n",
    "            FNL.extend(al)\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            FPL.extend(bl)\n",
    "        #print(str(v)+\"=\"+str(a[v]/(a[v]+b[v])))\n",
    "        \n",
    "    dffp=df.iloc[FPL, :]\n",
    "    dffn=df.iloc[FNL, :]\n",
    "    dfva0=df[df['Label']==0]\n",
    "    dfva1=df[df['Label']==1]\n",
    "    \n",
    "    dffpp=dfva1.sample(n=None, frac=len(FPL)/dfva1.shape[0], replace=False, weights=None, random_state=None, axis=0)\n",
    "    dffnp=dfva0.sample(n=None, frac=len(FNL)/dfva0.shape[0], replace=False, weights=None, random_state=None, axis=0)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    dffp_f=pd.concat([dffp, dffpp])\n",
    "    dffn_f=pd.concat([dffn, dffnp])\n",
    "    \n",
    "    Xp = dffp_f.drop(['Label'],axis=1)  \n",
    "    yp = dffp_f.iloc[:, -1].values.reshape(-1,1)\n",
    "    yp=np.ravel(yp)\n",
    "\n",
    "    Xn = dffn_f.drop(['Label'],axis=1)  \n",
    "    yn = dffn_f.iloc[:, -1].values.reshape(-1,1)\n",
    "    yn=np.ravel(yn)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    rfp = RandomForestClassifier(random_state = 0)\n",
    "    rfp.fit(Xp,yp)\n",
    "    rfn = RandomForestClassifier(random_state = 0)\n",
    "    rfn.fit(Xn,yn)\n",
    "\n",
    "    dffnn_f=pd.concat([dffn, dffnp])\n",
    "    \n",
    "    Xnn = dffn_f.drop(['Label'],axis=1)  \n",
    "    ynn = dffn_f.iloc[:, -1].values.reshape(-1,1)\n",
    "    ynn=np.ravel(ynn)\n",
    "\n",
    "    rfnn = RandomForestClassifier(random_state = 0)\n",
    "    rfnn.fit(Xnn,ynn)\n",
    "\n",
    "    X2p = df2.drop(['Label'],axis=1) \n",
    "    y2p = df2.iloc[:, -1].values.reshape(-1,1)\n",
    "    y2p=np.ravel(y2p)\n",
    "\n",
    "    result2 = km_cluster.predict(X2p)\n",
    "\n",
    "    count=0\n",
    "    a=np.zeros(n)\n",
    "    b=np.zeros(n)\n",
    "    for v in range(0,n):\n",
    "        for i in range(0,len(y)):\n",
    "            if result[i]==v:\n",
    "                if y[i]==1:\n",
    "                    a[v]=a[v]+1\n",
    "                else:\n",
    "                    b[v]=b[v]+1\n",
    "    list1=[]\n",
    "    list2=[]\n",
    "    l1=[]\n",
    "    l0=[]\n",
    "    for v in range(0,n):\n",
    "        if a[v]<=b[v]:\n",
    "            list1.append(v)\n",
    "        else: \n",
    "            list2.append(v)\n",
    "    for v in range(0,len(y2p)):\n",
    "        if result2[v] in list1:\n",
    "            result2[v]=0\n",
    "            l0.append(v)\n",
    "        elif result2[v] in list2:\n",
    "            result2[v]=1\n",
    "            l1.append(v)\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            print(\"-1\")\n",
    "    print(classification_report(y2p, result2))\n",
    "    cm=confusion_matrix(y2p,result2)\n",
    "    print(cm)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "95% of the code has been shared, and the remaining 5% is retained for future extension.  \n",
    "Thank you for your interest and more details are in the paper."
   ]
  }
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