Texture Sizes

[remenkemi]

Some textures are way to big, here are some that should be reduced @nathroxer

• landing gear should be 2k

• aft overhead should also be 2k

• clocks should be 2k but maybe even less

• trim indicators - I noticed you have these absolutely huge files and just cut the scale in half in planemaker. What's the point? Just cut the size of the texture in half

• trim indicator elements - why are the small elements like the green band or the pointer the same size as the big textures? Just make the texture the size of the element...

VRAM doesn't grow on trees!!!

[IASXP]

However, some specimens of vram grow on bushes.

[remenkemi]

This is true, however, those specimens are extremely rare and only found near a limited number of extremely expensive and hard to find plots of land.

[Matt726-S]

This is true, however, those specimens are extremely rare and only found near a limited number of extremely expensive and hard to find plots of land.

The FitnessGram™ Pacer Test is a multistage aerobic capacity test that progressively gets more difficult as it continues. The 20 meter pacer test will begin in 30 seconds. Line up at the start. The running speed starts slowly, but gets faster each minute after you hear this signal. [beep] A single lap should be completed each time you hear this sound. [ding] Remember to run in a straight line, and run as long as possible. The second time you fail to complete a lap before the sound, your test is over. The test will begin on the word start. On your mark, get ready, start.

[IASXP]

This is true, however, those specimens are extremely rare and only found near a limited number of extremely expensive and hard to find plots of land.

Your statement is simply not true. I personally have a vram farm in my backyard, and so do many including nathroxer. You should plant some vram bushes, and you will never have to complain about vram ever. In case you are wondering, plant this in the ground. The linked selection is the cheapest vram seeds money can buy, though if you have more money I would recommend the micron sub-species. One important thing to note when buying vram seeds is the pH factor. The pH should never be under 6 but if you MUST then 7 is also fine. Also I like to feed the seeds with uranium, which gives the plant nice glowing factors. I personally source my uranium from the Chernobyl plant, however extracting urainum from urainum glass on ebay also gives good results. lastly I like to top it off with a little bit of high quality soil so that it will keep growing without letting you down. Here is the link.

[IASXP]

The FitnessGram™ Pacer Test is a multistage aerobic capacity test that progressively gets more difficult as it continues. The 20 meter pacer test will begin in 30 seconds. Line up at the start. The running speed starts slowly, but gets faster each minute after you hear this signal. [beep] A single lap should be completed each time you hear this sound. [ding] Remember to run in a straight line, and run as long as possible. The second time you fail to complete a lap before the sound, your test is over. The test will begin on the word start. On your mark, get ready, start.

While the FitnessGram pacer test may be 20 meters, in truth if you are the average obese American, this is a daunting task. From my experience many Americans should take with them 5 gallons of Coke along with 10 pounds of chips to properly complete this mammoth task without withrdawl symptoms. Even then, they MUST take breaks to concentrate on eating their food for the best results.

[remenkemi]

This is true, however, those specimens are extremely rare and only found near a limited number of extremely expensive and hard to find plots of land.

Your statement is simply not true. I personally have a vram farm in my backyard, and so do many including nathroxer. You should plant some vram bushes, and you will never have to complain about vram ever. In case you are wondering, plant this in the ground. The linked selection is the cheapest vram seeds money can buy, though if you have more money I would recommend the micron sub-species. One important thing to note when buying vram seeds is the pH factor. The pH should never be under 6 but if you MUST then 7 is also fine. Also I like to feed the seeds with uranium, which gives the plant nice glowing factors. I personally source my uranium from the Chernobyl plant, however extracting urainum from urainum glass on ebay also gives good results. lastly I like to top it off with a little bit of high quality soil so that it will keep growing without letting you down. Here is the link.

@nathroxer, Can you tell me a bit about your vram farm?

[IASXP]

Imagine a sprawling farm with meticulously arranged plots of land. Each plot is dedicated to nurturing VRAM bushes, which are carefully tended to by dedicated farmers like yourself and nathroxer. These VRAM bushes, with their vibrant and colorful leaves, symbolize the potential of this alternative VRAM cultivation method.

To start your own VRAM farm, you would first need to acquire specialized VRAM seeds. These seeds, procured from select sources, are said to possess unique genetic traits that allow them to develop into VRAM-producing plants. The seeds should be planted in soil with a pH level between 6 and 7 for optimal growth.

Now, here's the intriguing part. I mentioned that feeding the seeds with uranium enhances their growth and imparts a mesmerizing glow. While this sounds extraordinary, let's assume that in our fictional scenario, a specific strain of VRAM bushes thrives on trace amounts of uranium. By carefully sourcing uranium from unconventional places like the Chernobyl plant or extracting it from uranium glass, you provide the necessary nourishment for your VRAM bushes to flourish.

As your VRAM bushes mature, they develop intricate patterns of VRAM modules, resembling clusters of delicate flowers. The density and arrangement of these modules on the bush determine the VRAM capacity and performance. To maximize the quality of your VRAM harvest, you might experiment with various cultivation techniques, nutrient formulas, and environmental conditions.

Harvest time on a VRAM farm is an awe-inspiring spectacle. With the appropriate tools, you carefully pluck the ripe VRAM modules from the bushes, treating them with utmost care to ensure their integrity. These harvested VRAM modules can then be used to upgrade or enhance the graphics capabilities of computers, unlocking new levels of visual performance.

While this fictional concept of VRAM farming adds an element of intrigue and imagination, it's important to remember that VRAM is currently manufactured through complex industrial processes. So, for now, let's appreciate the real-world advancements in technology that bring us the incredible graphics experiences we enjoy today.

[remenkemi]

Thanks for all the helpful info! I can now increase my VRAM harvest 10 fo-
oh, wait. :(

[nathroxer]

Did I forget to wake up today? What am I reading lmao

[simpilot001]

Title: Physics and Fluid Simulations

Table of Contents:

1. Introduction to Physics and Fluid Simulations
   1.1 What is Physics?
   1.2 Understanding Fluids
   1.3 The Role of Simulations in Physics
   1.4 Overview of Fluid Simulations

2. Basic Concepts in Physics
   2.1 Laws of Motion
   2.2 Conservation Principles
   2.3 Thermodynamics
   2.4 Electromagnetism
   2.5 Quantum Mechanics

3. The Behavior of Fluids
   3.1 Properties of Fluids
   3.2 Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids
   3.3 Fluid Flow Characteristics
   3.4 Viscosity and Reynolds Number
   3.5 Surface Tension and Capillary Effects

4. Mathematical Models for Fluid Simulations
   4.1 Continuum Mechanics
   4.2 Eulerian and Lagrangian Descriptions
   4.3 Governing Equations: Navier-Stokes Equations
   4.4 Assumptions and Simplifications

5. Computational Fluid Dynamics
   5.1 Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
   5.2 Numerical Methods for CFD
   5.3 Discretization Techniques: Finite Difference, Finite Volume, and Finite Element Methods
   5.4 Time Integration Methods
   5.5 Grid Generation

6. Fluid Simulation Techniques
   6.1 Overview of Fluid Simulation Techniques
   6.2 Grid-Based Methods
   6.3 Particle-Based Methods
   6.4 Lattice Boltzmann Method
   6.5 Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH)
   6.6 Immersed Boundary Method

7. Navier-Stokes Equations
   7.1 Understanding the Navier-Stokes Equations
   7.2 Derivation of the Navier-Stokes Equations
   7.3 Boundary Conditions
   7.4 Solving the Navier-Stokes Equations Numerically

8. Lattice Boltzmann Method
   8.1 Principles of the Lattice Boltzmann Method
   8.2 Collision and Streaming Steps
   8.3 Lattice Boltzmann Equation
   8.4 Applications and Advantages of the Lattice Boltzmann Method

9. Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics
   9.1 Fundamentals of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH)
   9.2 SPH Interpolation and Differentiation
   9.3 SPH Equations of Motion
   9.4 Applications and Challenges of SPH

10. Grid-Based Methods
    10.1 Overview of Grid-Based Methods
    10.2 Finite Difference Methods
    10.3 Finite Volume Methods
    10.4 Finite Element Methods
    10.5 Challenges and Limitations of Grid-Based Methods

11. Finite Element Methods for Fluid Simulations
    11.1 Introduction to Finite Element Methods (FEM)
    11.2 Variational Formulation and Weak Form
    11.3 Galerkin Approximation
    11.4 Solving the Finite Element Equations
    11.5 Applications of Finite Element Methods in Fluid Simulations

12. Particle-Based Methods
    12.1 Particle-Based Simulation Techniques
    12.2 Molecular Dynamics (MD)
    12.3 Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH)
    12.4 Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD)
    12.5 Coupling Particle-Based and Grid-Based Methods

13. Boundary Conditions in Fluid Simulations
    13.1 Types of Boundary Conditions
    13.2 Dirichlet and Neumann Boundary Conditions
    13.3 Imposing Inflow and Outflow Conditions
    13.4 Moving Boundary Conditions
    13.5 Handling Complex Geometries

14. Turbulence Modeling
    14.1 Introduction to Turbulence
    14.2 Turbulence Models: RANS and LES
    14.3 Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Equations
    14.4 Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
    14.5 Challenges in Turbulence Modeling

15. Multiphase Flow Simulations
    15.1 Modeling Multiphase Flows
    15.2 Volume of Fluid (VOF) Method
    15.3 Level Set Method
    15.4 Front-Tracking Method
    15.5 Applications of Multiphase Flow Simulations

16. Solid-Fluid Interactions
    16.1 Overview of Solid-Fluid Interactions
    16.2 Immersed Boundary Method
    16.3 Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI)
    16.4 Challenges and Applications of Solid-Fluid Interactions

17. Applications of Fluid Simulations
    17.1 Aerospace and Aerodynamics
    17.2 Automotive Engineering
    17.3 Environmental and Civil Engineering
    17.4 Biomedical Applications
    17.5 Oil and Gas Industry
    17.6 Weather and Climate Modeling

18. Fluid Simulations in Computer Graphics
    18.1 Fluid Rendering Techniques
    18.2 Particle Systems and Animation
    18.3 Realistic Fluid Simulations in Movies and Games
    18.4 Interactive Fluid Simulations in Virtual Environments

19. Real-Time Fluid Simulations
    19.1 Challenges of Real-Time Fluid Simulations
    19.2 Reduced-Order Models
    19.3 GPU Acceleration
    19.4 Real-Time Fluid Simulations in Games and Virtual Reality

20. Fluid Simulations in Virtual Reality
    20.1 Immersive Fluid Simulations in VR
    20.2 Interaction and Manipulation of Fluids in VR
    20.3 Applications of Fluid Simulations in VR Training

21. Fluid Simulations in Video Games
    21.1 Realistic and Dynamic Fluids in Games
    21.2 Fluid Effects and Gameplay
    21.3 Optimization Techniques for Real-Time Fluid Simulations in Games

22. Fluid Simulations in Engineering and Design
    22.1 Fluid Dynamics in Engineering Design
    22.2 Computational Analysis for Fluid Flow
    22.3 Optimization of Fluid Systems
    22.4 Case Studies in Engineering and Design

23. Fluid Simulations in Biomedical Sciences
    23.1 Fluid Dynamics in Biomedical Applications
    23.2 Blood Flow Simulations
    23.3 Respiratory and Cardiovascular Simulations
    23.4 Drug Delivery and Fluid-Structure Interactions

24. Challenges and Limitations of Fluid Simulations
    24.1 Accuracy and Numerical Errors
    24.2 Computational Cost and Efficiency
    24.3 Modeling Assumptions and Simplifications
    24.4 Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis

25. Parallelization and Optimization Techniques
    25.1 Parallel Computing for Fluid Simulations
    25.2 Domain Decomposition Methods
    25.3 Load Balancing Techniques
    25.4 High-Performance Computing (HPC)
    25.5 Optimization Strategies for Fluid Simulations

26. Visualization and Analysis of Fluid Simulations
    26.1 Data Visualization Techniques
    26.2 Scalar and Vector Field Visualization
    26.3 Quantitative Analysis of Fluid Simulations
    26.4 Visualizing Complex Flow Phenomena

27. Open-Source Tools for Fluid Simulations
    27.1 Introduction to Open-Source Software
    27.2 Popular Open-Source Fluid Simulation Packages
    27.3 Workflow and Integration with Other Tools
    27.4 Community and Collaboration in Open-Source Projects

28. Future Trends in Fluid Simulations
    28.1 Advances in Computational Power
    28.2 Multi-Scale and Multi-Physics Simulations
    28.3 Machine Learning and AI in Fluid Simulations
    28.4 Integration with Real-Time Data and Sensors

29. Conclusion
    29.1 Recap of Key Concepts
    29.2 Impact and Future Directions of Fluid Simulations
    29.3 The Role of Fluid Simulations in Advancing Scientific Knowledge

30. References

Page 1: Introduction to Physics and Fluid Simulations

1. Introduction:
   Physics is the branch of science that deals with the fundamental principles governing the behavior of matter and energy. It provides a framework to understand the natural world through mathematical models and experimental observations. Fluids, on the other hand, are substances that flow and exhibit fluid-like behavior, such as liquids and gases. The study of fluid dynamics involves understanding the motion, forces, and properties of fluids.

1.1 What is Physics?
Physics is a natural science that aims to understand the fundamental laws and principles that govern the behavior of matter and energy. It encompasses various subfields, including classical mechanics, electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and quantum mechanics. Physics seeks to explain the behavior of objects at both macroscopic and microscopic scales.

1.2 Understanding Fluids:
Fluids are substances that can flow and take the shape of their containers. They exhibit unique characteristics, such as viscosity, density, and pressure. Understanding the behavior of fluids is crucial in numerous fields, including engineering, environmental science, and medicine. Fluid dynamics studies the motion and forces within fluids, including the analysis of fluid flow, turbulence, and interactions with solid boundaries.

1.3 The Role of Simulations in Physics:
Simulations play a significant role in modern physics, allowing scientists and researchers to study complex phenomena that may be difficult or impossible to observe directly. In the context of fluid dynamics, simulations provide a virtual environment to model and analyze fluid behavior. By solving mathematical equations numerically, fluid simulations provide insights into fluid flow, forces, and interactions.

1.4 Overview of Fluid Simulations:
Fluid simulations involve the use of computational models and numerical techniques to simulate the behavior of fluids. They enable the study of various fluid phenomena, such as laminar and turbulent flow, multiphase interactions, and fluid-structure interactions. Fluid simulations have applications in diverse fields, including engineering design, weather prediction, medical imaging, and visual effects in the entertainment industry.

In the subsequent pages, we will delve into the fundamental concepts of physics and delve deeper into the techniques and methods used in fluid simulations. We will explore mathematical models, computational fluid dynamics, simulation techniques, and their applications in different domains. By the end, you will have a comprehensive understanding of the fascinating world of physics and fluid simulations.
Page 2: Basic Concepts in Physics

2. Basic Concepts in Physics

2.1 Laws of Motion:
One of the fundamental pillars of classical mechanics is Newton's laws of motion. These laws describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting upon it. Newton's first law states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue moving with a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force. The second law relates the acceleration of an object to the net force applied to it and its mass. The third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

2.2 Conservation Principles:
Conservation principles play a crucial role in physics, representing fundamental quantities that remain constant in certain physical processes. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only be transformed from one form to another. The principle of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of a system remains constant in the absence of external forces. Similarly, the principle of conservation of angular momentum states that the total angular momentum of a system is conserved unless acted upon by external torques.

2.3 Thermodynamics:
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, energy, and their transformations. It encompasses the laws governing the behavior of macroscopic systems in thermal equilibrium. The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the law of energy conservation, states that energy is conserved within a closed system. The second law of thermodynamics introduces the concept of entropy, which characterizes the direction of natural processes and the efficiency of energy conversions.

2.4 Electromagnetism:
Electromagnetism is the branch of physics that studies the interactions between electric charges and magnetic fields. It encompasses Maxwell's equations, which describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields and their relationship with electric charges and currents. Electromagnetic waves, including visible light, radio waves, and X-rays, are manifestations of the electromagnetic field and play a vital role in various fields, including optics and telecommunications.

2.5 Quantum Mechanics:
Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of matter and energy at the microscopic scale. It introduces the concept of quantization, where physical quantities, such as energy and angular momentum, are quantized into discrete values. Quantum mechanics revolutionized our understanding of particles and their interactions, providing insights into atomic and subatomic phenomena.

Understanding these basic concepts in physics is essential for comprehending the principles that govern the behavior of fluids and their simulation. In the following sections, we will explore how these concepts are applied in the context of fluid dynamics and simulations, providing a deeper understanding of the subject matter.
Page 3: The Behavior of Fluids

3. The Behavior of Fluids

3.1 Properties of Fluids:
Fluids possess unique properties that distinguish them from other states of matter. Some key properties include viscosity, density, pressure, and surface tension. Viscosity refers to a fluid's resistance to flow and is responsible for the internal friction within the fluid. Density represents the mass per unit volume of a fluid and determines its buoyancy. Pressure is the force exerted by a fluid per unit area, and surface tension is the cohesive force between molecules at the surface of a liquid.

3.2 Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids:
Fluids can be classified as Newtonian or non-Newtonian based on their viscosity properties. Newtonian fluids have a constant viscosity that remains unaffected by the shear rate or stress applied to them. Examples of Newtonian fluids include water and most gases. Non-Newtonian fluids, on the other hand, exhibit varying viscosity depending on the shear rate or stress. These fluids can display shear-thinning behavior (decreasing viscosity with increased shear rate), shear-thickening behavior (increasing viscosity with increased shear rate), or viscoelastic behavior (a combination of viscous and elastic properties).

3.3 Fluid Flow Characteristics:
Fluids can flow in different ways, characterized by the type of flow pattern exhibited. Laminar flow is smooth and orderly, with layers of fluid moving parallel to each other. Turbulent flow, on the other hand, is chaotic and characterized by random fluctuations and eddies. Transitional flow occurs between laminar and turbulent flow and is influenced by factors such as velocity, viscosity, and flow geometry. Understanding flow characteristics is crucial for fluid simulations as different flow patterns can significantly impact the behavior and forces experienced by the fluid.

3.4 Viscosity and Reynolds Number:
Viscosity plays a vital role in fluid dynamics. It determines the resistance to flow and influences the type of flow exhibited. The Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless parameter that relates the inertia forces of a fluid to its viscous forces. It helps to determine whether the flow will be laminar or turbulent. At low Reynolds numbers, viscous forces dominate, resulting in laminar flow, while at high Reynolds numbers, inertia forces dominate, leading to turbulent flow. The Reynolds number is an essential parameter in designing and analyzing fluid systems.

3.5 Surface Tension and Capillary Effects:
Surface tension is the cohesive force that exists between molecules at the surface of a liquid. It gives rise to phenomena such as the formation of droplets and capillary action. Capillary action occurs when a liquid rises or falls in a narrow tube against the force of gravity. This effect is due to the balance between adhesive forces between the liquid and the tube's walls and cohesive forces within the liquid itself. Surface tension and capillary effects are significant factors in fluid simulations, particularly when modeling small-scale phenomena and interactions with solid surfaces.

Understanding the behavior of fluids is essential for accurately simulating their dynamics. In the following pages, we will explore the mathematical models and computational techniques used in fluid simulations, providing a comprehensive understanding of the subject.
Page 4: Mathematical Models for Fluid Simulations

4. Mathematical Models for Fluid Simulations

4.1 Continuum Mechanics:
Fluid simulations are based on the principles of continuum mechanics, which treats fluids as continuous media rather than a collection of individual particles. Continuum mechanics describes the macroscopic behavior of fluids through mathematical equations, considering them as continuous fields of properties such as velocity, pressure, and density. This approach allows for the application of differential and integral calculus to model and analyze fluid behavior.

4.2 Eulerian and Lagrangian Descriptions:
In fluid simulations, there are two common frameworks used to describe the behavior of fluids: Eulerian and Lagrangian. The Eulerian approach focuses on observing the fluid flow at fixed positions in space, describing the changes in fluid properties at specific locations over time. In contrast, the Lagrangian approach tracks individual fluid particles, following their trajectories and observing how their properties change as they move through space. Both frameworks have their advantages and are used in different types of fluid simulations.

4.3 Governing Equations: Navier-Stokes Equations:
The Navier-Stokes equations are the fundamental governing equations for fluid dynamics. They describe the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy in a fluid. The Navier-Stokes equations are derived from Newton's laws of motion and take into account the effects of viscosity, pressure, and external forces. These partial differential equations form the basis for simulating fluid flow, and their solution provides information about the velocity, pressure, and other properties of the fluid.

4.4 Assumptions and Simplifications:
Solving the full Navier-Stokes equations for fluid simulations can be computationally expensive and complex. Therefore, various assumptions and simplifications are often made to make the simulations more tractable. These assumptions can include neglecting certain forces or considering the fluid as incompressible or inviscid under specific conditions. By making these simplifications, simulations can be performed more efficiently, allowing for practical implementation in various applications.

Mathematical models form the backbone of fluid simulations, providing a framework to represent and analyze fluid behavior. The Navier-Stokes equations, in particular, serve as the governing equations for simulating fluid flow. In the following pages, we will explore computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and various simulation techniques used to solve these equations and accurately predict fluid behavior…