reference.md

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Reference

[Running and Quitting]({{ page.root }}/01-run-quit/)

• Python files have the .py extension.
• Can be written in a text file or a Jupyter Notebook.
  • Jupyter notebooks have the extension .ipynb
  • Jupyter notebooks can be opened from Anaconda or through the command line by entering $ jupyter notebook
    • Markdown and HTML are allowed in markdown cells for documenting code.

[Variables and Assignment]({{ page.root }}/02-variables/)

• Variables are stored using =.
  • Strings are defined in quotations '...'.
  • Integers and floating point numbers are defined without quotations.
• Variables can contain letters, digits, and underscores _.
  • Cannot start with a digit.
  • Variables that start with underscores should be avoided.
• Use print(...) to display values as text.
• Can use indexing on strings.
  • Indexing starts at 0.
  • Position is given in square brackets [position] following the variable name.
  • Take a slice using [start:stop]. This makes a copy of part of the original string.
    • start is the index of the first element.
    • stop is the index of the element after the last desired element.
• Use len(...) to find the length of a variable or string.

[Data Types and Type Conversion]({{ page.root }}/03-types-conversion/)

• Each value has a type. This controls what can be done with it.
  • int represents an integer
  • float represents a floating point number.
  • str represents a string.
• To determine a variables type, use the built-in function type(...), including the variable name in the parenthesis.
• Modifying strings:
  • Use + to concatenate strings.
  • Use * to repeat a string.
  • Numbers and strings cannot be added to on another.
    • Convert string to integer: int(...).
    • Convert integer to string: str(...).

[Built-in Functions and Help]({{ page.root }}/04-built-in/)

• To add a comment, place # before the thing you do not with to be executed.
• Commonly used built-in functions:
  • min() finds the smallest value.
  • max() finds the largest value.
  • round() rounds off a floating point number.
  • help() displays documentation for the function in the parenthesis.
    • Other ways to get help include holding down shift and pressing tab in Jupyter Notebooks.

[Libraries]({{ page.root }}/06-libraries/)

• Importing a library:
  • Use import ... to load a library.
  • Refer to this library by using module_name.thing_name.
    • . indicates 'part of'.
• To import a specific item from a library: from ... import ...
• To import a library using an alias: import ... as ...
• Importing the math library: import math
  • Example of referring to an item with the module's name: math.cos(math.pi).
• Importing the plotting library as an alias: import matplotlib as mpl

[Reading Tabular Data into DataFrames]({{ page.root }}/07-reading-tabular/)

• Use the pandas library to do statistics on tabular data. Load with import pandas.
  • To read in a csv: pandas.read_csv(), including the path name in the parenthesis.
    • To specify a column's values should be used as row headings: pandas.read_csv('path',index_col='column name'), where path and column name should be replaced with the relevant values.
• To get more information about a DataFrame, use DataFrame.info, replacing DataFrame with the variable name of your DataFrame.
• Use DataFrame.columns to view the column names.
• Use DataFrame.T to transpose a DataFrame.
• Use DataFrame.describe to get summary statistics about your data.

[Pandas DataFrames]({{ page.root }}/08-data-frames/)

• Select data using [i,j]
  • To select by entry position: DataFrame.iloc[..., ...]
    • This is inclusive of everything except the final index.
  • To select by entry label: DataFrame.loc[..., ...]
    • Can select multiple rows or columns by listing labels.
    • This is inclusive to both ends.
  • Use : to select all rows or columns.
• Can also select data based on values using true and false. This is a Boolean mask.
  • mask = subset > 10000
  • We can then use this to select values.
• To use a select-apply-combine operation we use data.apply(lambda x: x>x.mean()) where mean() can be any operation the user would like to be applied to x.

[Plotting]({{ page.root }}/09-plotting/)

• The most widely used plotting library is matplotlib.
  • Usually imported using import matplotlib.pyplot as plt.
  • To plot we use the command plt.plot(time, position).
  • To create a legend use plt.legend(['label1','label2', loc='upper left'])
    • Can also define labels within the plot statements by using plt.plot(time, position, label='label'). To make the legend show up, use plt.legend()
  • To label x and y axis plt.xlabel('label') and plt.ylabel('label') are used.
• Pandas DataFrames can be used to plot by using DataFrame.plot(). Any operations that can be used on a DataFrame can be applied while plotting.
  • To plot a bar plot data.plot(kind='bar')

import matplotlib.puplot as plot
plt.plot(time,position,label='label')
plt.xlabel('x axis label')
plt.ylabel('y axis label')
plt.legend()

[Lists]({{ page.root }}/11-lists/)

• Defined within [...] and separated by ,.
  • An empty list can be created by using [].
• Can use len(...) to determine how many values are in a list.
• Can index just as done in previous lessons.
  • Indexing can be used to reassign values list_name[0] = newvalue.
• To add an item to a list use list_name.append(), with the item to append in the parenthesis.
• To combine two lists use list_name_1.extend(list_name_2).
• To remove an item from a list use del list_name[index].

[For Loops]({{ page.root }}/12-for-loops/)

• Start a for loop with for number in [1,2,3]:, with the following lines indented.
  • [1, 2, 3] is considered the collection.
  • number is the loop variable.
  • The action following the collection is the body.
• To iterate over a sequence of numbers use range(start, end)

for number in range(0,5):
  print(number)

[Looping Over Data Sets]({{ page.root }}/13-looping-data-sets/)

• Use a for loop: for filename in [file1, file2]:
• To find a set of files using a pattern use glob.glob
  • Must import first using import glob.
  • * indicates "match zero or more characters"
  • ? indicates "match exactly one character"
    • For example: glob.glob(*.txt) will find all files that end with .txt in the current directory.
• Combine these by writing a loop using: for filename in glob.glob(*.txt):

for filename in glob.glob(*.txt):
  data = pandas.read_csv(filename)

[Writing Functions]({{ page.root }}/14-writing-functions/)

• Define a function using def function_name(parameters):. Replace parameters with the variables to use when the funciton is executed.
• Run by using function_name(parameters).
• To return a result to the caller use return ... in the function.

def add_numbers(a, b):
  result = a + b
  return result

add_numbers(1, 4)

[Variable Scope]({{ page.root }}/15-scope/)

• A local variable is defined in a function and can only be seen and used within that function.
• A global variable is defined outside of a function and can be seen or used anywhere after definition.

[Conditionals]({{ page.root }}/17-conditionals/)

• Defined similarly to a loop, using if variable conditional value:.
  • For example, if variable > 5:.
• Use elif: for additional tests.
• Use else: for when if statement is not true.
• Can Combine more than one conditional by using and or or.
• Often used in combination with for loops.
• Conditions that can be used:
  • == equal to.
  • >= greater than or equal to.
  • <= less than or equal to.
  • > greater than.
  • < less than.

for m in [3, 6, 7, 2, 8]:
  if m > 5:
    print(m, 'is large')
  elif m == 5:
    print(m, 'is 5')
  else: 
    print(m, 'is small')

[Programming Style]({{ page.root }}/18-style/)

• Document your code.
• Use clear and meaningful variable names.
• Follow the PEP8 style guide when setting up your code.
• Use assertions to check for interal errors.
• Use docstrings to provide help.

Glossary

{:auto_ids} Arguments : Values passed to functions.

Array : A container holding elements of the same type.

Boolean : An object composed of true and false.

DataFrame : The way Pandas represents a table; a collection of series.

Element : An item in a list or an array. For a string, these are the individual charactors.

Function : A block of code that can be called and re-used elsewhere.

Global variable : A variable defined outside of a function that can be used anywhere.

Index : The position of a given element.

Jupyter Notebook : Interactive coding environment allowing a combination of code and markdown.

Library : A collection of files containing functions used by other programs.

Local Variable : A variable defined inside of a function that can only be used inside of that function.

Mask : A boolean object used for selecting data from another object.

Method : An action tied to a particular object. Called by using object.method.

Modules : The files within a library containing functions used by other programs.

Parameters : Variables used when executing a function.

Series : A Pandas data structure to represent a column.

Substring : A part of a string.

Variables : Names for values.