setting_db_postgre.php

'hostname' => 'localhost',
	'username' => 'postgres',
	'password' => 'm711997danipurnama',
	'database' => 'drs_',
	'dbdriver' => 'postgre',



	<?php
/**
 * CodeIgniter
 *
 * An open source application development framework for PHP
 *
 * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2016, British Columbia Institute of Technology
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 * THE SOFTWARE.
 *
 * @package    CodeIgniter
 * @author    EllisLab Dev Team
 * @copyright    Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
 * @copyright    Copyright (c) 2014 - 2016, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
 * @license    http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT    MIT License
 * @link    https://codeigniter.com
 * @since    Version 1.0.0
 * @filesource
 */
defined('BASEPATH') or exit('No direct script access allowed');

/**
 * Database Driver Class
 *
 * This is the platform-independent base DB implementation class.
 * This class will not be called directly. Rather, the adapter
 * class for the specific database will extend and instantiate it.
 *
 * @package        CodeIgniter
 * @subpackage    Drivers
 * @category    Database
 * @author        EllisLab Dev Team
 * @link        https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
 */
abstract class CI_DB_driver
{

    /**
     * Data Source Name / Connect string
     *
     * @var    string
     */
    public $dsn;

    /**
     * Username
     *
     * @var    string
     */
    public $username;

    /**
     * Password
     *
     * @var    string
     */
    public $password;

    /**
     * Hostname
     *
     * @var    string
     */
    public $hostname;

    /**
     * Database name
     *
     * @var    string
     */
    public $database;

    /**
     * Database driver
     *
     * @var    string
     */
    public $dbdriver = 'postgre';

    /**
     * Sub-driver
     *
     * @used-by    CI_DB_pdo_driver
     * @var    string
     */
    public $subdriver;

    /**
     * Table prefix
     *
     * @var    string
     */
    public $dbprefix = '';

    /**
     * Character set
     *
     * @var    string
     */
    public $char_set = 'utf8';

    /**
     * Collation
     *
     * @var    string
     */
    public $dbcollat = 'utf8_general_ci';

    /**
     * Encryption flag/data
     *
     * @var    mixed
     */
    public $encrypt = false;

    /**
     * Swap Prefix
     *
     * @var    string
     */
    public $swap_pre = '';

    /**
     * Database port
     *
     * @var    int
     */
    public $port = '5432';

    /**
     * Persistent connection flag
     *
     * @var    bool
     */
    public $pconnect = false;

    /**
     * Connection ID
     *
     * @var    object|resource
     */
    public $conn_id = false;

    /**
     * Result ID
     *
     * @var    object|resource
     */
    public $result_id = false;

    /**
     * Debug flag
     *
     * Whether to display error messages.
     *
     * @var    bool
     */
    public $db_debug = false;

    /**
     * Benchmark time
     *
     * @var    int
     */
    public $benchmark = 0;

    /**
     * Executed queries count
     *
     * @var    int
     */
    public $query_count = 0;

    /**
     * Bind marker
     *
     * Character used to identify values in a prepared statement.
     *
     * @var    string
     */
    public $bind_marker = '?';

    /**
     * Save queries flag
     *
     * Whether to keep an in-memory history of queries for debugging purposes.
     *
     * @var    bool
     */
    public $save_queries = true;

    /**
     * Queries list
     *
     * @see    CI_DB_driver::$save_queries
     * @var    string[]
     */
    public $queries = array();

    /**
     * Query times
     *
     * A list of times that queries took to execute.
     *
     * @var    array
     */
    public $query_times = array();

    /**
     * Data cache
     *
     * An internal generic value cache.
     *
     * @var    array
     */
    public $data_cache = array();

    /**
     * Transaction enabled flag
     *
     * @var    bool
     */
    public $trans_enabled = true;

    /**
     * Strict transaction mode flag
     *
     * @var    bool
     */
    public $trans_strict = true;

    /**
     * Transaction depth level
     *
     * @var    int
     */
    protected $_trans_depth = 0;

    /**
     * Transaction status flag
     *
     * Used with transactions to determine if a rollback should occur.
     *
     * @var    bool
     */
    protected $_trans_status = true;

    /**
     * Transaction failure flag
     *
     * Used with transactions to determine if a transaction has failed.
     *
     * @var    bool
     */
    protected $_trans_failure = false;

    /**
     * Cache On flag
     *
     * @var    bool
     */
    public $cache_on = false;

    /**
     * Cache directory path
     *
     * @var    bool
     */
    public $cachedir = '';

    /**
     * Cache auto-delete flag
     *
     * @var    bool
     */
    public $cache_autodel = false;

    /**
     * DB Cache object
     *
     * @see    CI_DB_cache
     * @var    object
     */
    public $CACHE;

    /**
     * Protect identifiers flag
     *
     * @var    bool
     */
    protected $_protect_identifiers = true;

    /**
     * List of reserved identifiers
     *
     * Identifiers that must NOT be escaped.
     *
     * @var    string[]
     */
    protected $_reserved_identifiers = array('*');

    /**
     * Identifier escape character
     *
     * @var    string
     */
    protected $_escape_char = '"';

    /**
     * ESCAPE statement string
     *
     * @var    string
     */
    protected $_like_escape_str = " ESCAPE '%s' ";

    /**
     * ESCAPE character
     *
     * @var    string
     */
    protected $_like_escape_chr = '!';

    /**
     * ORDER BY random keyword
     *
     * @var    array
     */
    protected $_random_keyword = array('RAND()', 'RAND(%d)');

    /**
     * COUNT string
     *
     * @used-by    CI_DB_driver::count_all()
     * @used-by    CI_DB_query_builder::count_all_results()
     *
     * @var    string
     */
    protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Class constructor
     *
     * @param    array    $params
     * @return    void
     */
    public function __construct($params)
    {
        if (is_array($params)) {
            foreach ($params as $key => $val) {
                $this->$key = $val;
            }
        }

        log_message('info', 'Database Driver Class Initialized');
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Initialize Database Settings
     *
     * @return    bool
     */
    public function initialize()
    {
        /* If an established connection is available, then there's
         * no need to connect and select the database.
         *
         * Depending on the database driver, conn_id can be either
         * boolean TRUE, a resource or an object.
         */
        if ($this->conn_id) {
            return true;
        }

        // ----------------------------------------------------------------

        // Connect to the database and set the connection ID
        $this->conn_id = $this->db_connect($this->pconnect);

        // No connection resource? Check if there is a failover else throw an error
        if (!$this->conn_id) {
            // Check if there is a failover set
            if (!empty($this->failover) && is_array($this->failover)) {
                // Go over all the failovers
                foreach ($this->failover as $failover) {
                    // Replace the current settings with those of the failover
                    foreach ($failover as $key => $val) {
                        $this->$key = $val;
                    }

                    // Try to connect
                    $this->conn_id = $this->db_connect($this->pconnect);

                    // If a connection is made break the foreach loop
                    if ($this->conn_id) {
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }

            // We still don't have a connection?
            if (!$this->conn_id) {
                log_message('error', 'Unable to connect to the database');

                if ($this->db_debug) {
                    $this->display_error('db_unable_to_connect');
                }

                return false;
            }
        }

        // Now we set the character set and that's all
        return $this->db_set_charset($this->char_set);
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * DB connect
     *
     * This is just a dummy method that all drivers will override.
     *
     * @return    mixed
     */
    public function db_connect()
    {
        return true;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Persistent database connection
     *
     * @return    mixed
     */
    public function db_pconnect()
    {
        return $this->db_connect(true);
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Reconnect
     *
     * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
     * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout.
     *
     * This is just a dummy method to allow drivers without such
     * functionality to not declare it, while others will override it.
     *
     * @return    void
     */
    public function reconnect()
    {
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Select database
     *
     * This is just a dummy method to allow drivers without such
     * functionality to not declare it, while others will override it.
     *
     * @return    bool
     */
    public function db_select()
    {
        return true;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Last error
     *
     * @return    array
     */
    public function error()
    {
        return array('code' => null, 'message' => null);
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Set client character set
     *
     * @param    string
     * @return    bool
     */
    public function db_set_charset($charset)
    {
        if (method_exists($this, '_db_set_charset') && !$this->_db_set_charset($charset)) {
            log_message('error', 'Unable to set database connection charset: ' . $charset);

            if ($this->db_debug) {
                $this->display_error('db_unable_to_set_charset', $charset);
            }

            return false;
        }

        return true;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * The name of the platform in use (mysql, mssql, etc...)
     *
     * @return    string
     */
    public function platform()
    {
        return $this->dbdriver;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Database version number
     *
     * Returns a string containing the version of the database being used.
     * Most drivers will override this method.
     *
     * @return    string
     */
    public function version()
    {
        if (isset($this->data_cache['version'])) {
            return $this->data_cache['version'];
        }

        if (false === ($sql = $this->_version())) {
            return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function') : false;
        }

        $query = $this->query($sql)->row();
        return $this->data_cache['version'] = $query->ver;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Version number query string
     *
     * @return    string
     */
    protected function _version()
    {
        return 'SELECT VERSION() AS ver';
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Execute the query
     *
     * Accepts an SQL string as input and returns a result object upon
     * successful execution of a "read" type query. Returns boolean TRUE
     * upon successful execution of a "write" type query. Returns boolean
     * FALSE upon failure, and if the $db_debug variable is set to TRUE
     * will raise an error.
     *
     * @param    string    $sql
     * @param    array    $binds = FALSE        An array of binding data
     * @param    bool    $return_object = NULL
     * @return    mixed
     */
    public function query($sql, $binds = false, $return_object = null)
    {
        if ($sql === '') {
            log_message('error', 'Invalid query: ' . $sql);
            return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_invalid_query') : false;
        } elseif (!is_bool($return_object)) {
            $return_object = !$this->is_write_type($sql);
        }

        // Verify table prefix and replace if necessary
        if ($this->dbprefix !== '' && $this->swap_pre !== '' && $this->dbprefix !== $this->swap_pre) {
            $sql = preg_replace('/(\W)' . $this->swap_pre . '(\S+?)/', '\\1' . $this->dbprefix . '\\2', $sql);
        }

        // Compile binds if needed
        if ($binds !== false) {
            $sql = $this->compile_binds($sql, $binds);
        }

        // Is query caching enabled? If the query is a "read type"
        // we will load the caching class and return the previously
        // cached query if it exists
        if ($this->cache_on === true && $return_object === true && $this->_cache_init()) {
            $this->load_rdriver();
            if (false !== ($cache = $this->CACHE->read($sql))) {
                return $cache;
            }
        }

        // Save the query for debugging
        if ($this->save_queries === true) {
            $this->queries[] = $sql;
        }

        // Start the Query Timer
        $time_start = microtime(true);

        // Run the Query
        if (false === ($this->result_id = $this->simple_query($sql))) {
            if ($this->save_queries === true) {
                $this->query_times[] = 0;
            }

            // This will trigger a rollback if transactions are being used
            if ($this->_trans_depth !== 0) {
                $this->_trans_status = false;
            }

            // Grab the error now, as we might run some additional queries before displaying the error
            $error = $this->error();

            // Log errors
            log_message('error', 'Query error: ' . $error['message'] . ' - Invalid query: ' . $sql);

            if ($this->db_debug) {
                // We call this function in order to roll-back queries
                // if transactions are enabled. If we don't call this here
                // the error message will trigger an exit, causing the
                // transactions to remain in limbo.
                while ($this->_trans_depth !== 0) {
                    $trans_depth = $this->_trans_depth;
                    $this->trans_complete();
                    if ($trans_depth === $this->_trans_depth) {
                        log_message('error', 'Database: Failure during an automated transaction commit/rollback!');
                        break;
                    }
                }

                // Display errors
                return $this->display_error(array('Error Number: ' . $error['code'], $error['message'], $sql));
            }

            return false;
        }

        // Stop and aggregate the query time results
        $time_end = microtime(true);
        $this->benchmark += $time_end - $time_start;

        if ($this->save_queries === true) {
            $this->query_times[] = $time_end - $time_start;
        }

        // Increment the query counter
        $this->query_count++;

        // Will we have a result object instantiated? If not - we'll simply return TRUE
        if ($return_object !== true) {
            // If caching is enabled we'll auto-cleanup any existing files related to this particular URI
            if ($this->cache_on === true && $this->cache_autodel === true && $this->_cache_init()) {
                $this->CACHE->delete();
            }

            return true;
        }

        // Load and instantiate the result driver
        $driver = $this->load_rdriver();
        $RES = new $driver($this);

        // Is query caching enabled? If so, we'll serialize the
        // result object and save it to a cache file.
        if ($this->cache_on === true && $this->_cache_init()) {
            // We'll create a new instance of the result object
            // only without the platform specific driver since
            // we can't use it with cached data (the query result
            // resource ID won't be any good once we've cached the
            // result object, so we'll have to compile the data
            // and save it)
            $CR = new CI_DB_result($this);
            $CR->result_object = $RES->result_object();
            $CR->result_array = $RES->result_array();
            $CR->num_rows = $RES->num_rows();

            // Reset these since cached objects can not utilize resource IDs.
            $CR->conn_id = null;
            $CR->result_id = null;

            $this->CACHE->write($sql, $CR);
        }

        return $RES;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Load the result drivers
     *
     * @return    string    the name of the result class
     */
    public function load_rdriver()
    {
        $driver = 'CI_DB_' . $this->dbdriver . '_result';

        if (!class_exists($driver, false)) {
            require_once BASEPATH . 'database/DB_result.php';
            require_once BASEPATH . 'database/drivers/' . $this->dbdriver . '/' . $this->dbdriver . '_result.php';
        }

        return $driver;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Simple Query
     * This is a simplified version of the query() function. Internally
     * we only use it when running transaction commands since they do
     * not require all the features of the main query() function.
     *
     * @param    string    the sql query
     * @return    mixed
     */
    public function simple_query($sql)
    {
        if (!$this->conn_id) {
            if (!$this->initialize()) {
                return false;
            }
        }

        return $this->_execute($sql);
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Disable Transactions
     * This permits transactions to be disabled at run-time.
     *
     * @return    void
     */
    public function trans_off()
    {
        $this->trans_enabled = false;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Enable/disable Transaction Strict Mode
     *
     * When strict mode is enabled, if you are running multiple groups of
     * transactions, if one group fails all subsequent groups will be
     * rolled back.
     *
     * If strict mode is disabled, each group is treated autonomously,
     * meaning a failure of one group will not affect any others
     *
     * @param    bool    $mode = TRUE
     * @return    void
     */
    public function trans_strict($mode = true)
    {
        $this->trans_strict = is_bool($mode) ? $mode : true;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Start Transaction
     *
     * @param    bool    $test_mode = FALSE
     * @return    bool
     */
    public function trans_start($test_mode = false)
    {
        if (!$this->trans_enabled) {
            return false;
        }

        return $this->trans_begin($test_mode);
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Complete Transaction
     *
     * @return    bool
     */
    public function trans_complete()
    {
        if (!$this->trans_enabled) {
            return false;
        }

        // The query() function will set this flag to FALSE in the event that a query failed
        if ($this->_trans_status === false or $this->_trans_failure === true) {
            $this->trans_rollback();

            // If we are NOT running in strict mode, we will reset
            // the _trans_status flag so that subsequent groups of
            // transactions will be permitted.
            if ($this->trans_strict === false) {
                $this->_trans_status = true;
            }

            log_message('debug', 'DB Transaction Failure');
            return false;
        }

        return $this->trans_commit();
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Lets you retrieve the transaction flag to determine if it has failed
     *
     * @return    bool
     */
    public function trans_status()
    {
        return $this->_trans_status;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Begin Transaction
     *
     * @param    bool    $test_mode
     * @return    bool
     */
    public function trans_begin($test_mode = false)
    {
        if (!$this->trans_enabled) {
            return false;
        }
        // When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
        elseif ($this->_trans_depth > 0) {
            $this->_trans_depth++;
            return true;
        }

        // Reset the transaction failure flag.
        // If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
        // even if the queries produce a successful result.
        $this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === true);

        if ($this->_trans_begin()) {
            $this->_trans_depth++;
            return true;
        }

        return false;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Commit Transaction
     *
     * @return    bool
     */
    public function trans_commit()
    {
        if (!$this->trans_enabled or $this->_trans_depth === 0) {
            return false;
        }
        // When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
        elseif ($this->_trans_depth > 1 or $this->_trans_commit()) {
            $this->_trans_depth--;
            return true;
        }

        return false;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Rollback Transaction
     *
     * @return    bool
     */
    public function trans_rollback()
    {
        if (!$this->trans_enabled or $this->_trans_depth === 0) {
            return false;
        }
        // When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
        elseif ($this->_trans_depth > 1 or $this->_trans_rollback()) {
            $this->_trans_depth--;
            return true;
        }

        return false;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Compile Bindings
     *
     * @param    string    the sql statement
     * @param    array    an array of bind data
     * @return    string
     */
    public function compile_binds($sql, $binds)
    {
        if (empty($binds) or empty($this->bind_marker) or strpos($sql, $this->bind_marker) === false) {
            return $sql;
        } elseif (!is_array($binds)) {
            $binds = array($binds);
            $bind_count = 1;
        } else {
            // Make sure we're using numeric keys
            $binds = array_values($binds);
            $bind_count = count($binds);
        }

        // We'll need the marker length later
        $ml = strlen($this->bind_marker);

        // Make sure not to replace a chunk inside a string that happens to match the bind marker
        if ($c = preg_match_all("/'[^']*'/i", $sql, $matches)) {
            $c = preg_match_all('/' . preg_quote($this->bind_marker, '/') . '/i',
                str_replace($matches[0],
                    str_replace($this->bind_marker, str_repeat(' ', $ml), $matches[0]),
                    $sql, $c),
                $matches, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE);

            // Bind values' count must match the count of markers in the query
            if ($bind_count !== $c) {
                return $sql;
            }
        } elseif (($c = preg_match_all('/' . preg_quote($this->bind_marker, '/') . '/i', $sql, $matches, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE)) !== $bind_count) {
            return $sql;
        }

        do {
            $c--;
            $escaped_value = $this->escape($binds[$c]);
            if (is_array($escaped_value)) {
                $escaped_value = '(' . implode(',', $escaped_value) . ')';
            }
            $sql = substr_replace($sql, $escaped_value, $matches[0][$c][1], $ml);
        } while ($c !== 0);

        return $sql;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Determines if a query is a "write" type.
     *
     * @param    string    An SQL query string
     * @return    bool
     */
    public function is_write_type($sql)
    {
        return (bool) preg_match('/^\s*"?(SET|INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE|REPLACE|CREATE|DROP|TRUNCATE|LOAD|COPY|ALTER|RENAME|GRANT|REVOKE|LOCK|UNLOCK|REINDEX)\s/i', $sql);
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Calculate the aggregate query elapsed time
     *
     * @param    int    The number of decimal places
     * @return    string
     */
    public function elapsed_time($decimals = 6)
    {
        return number_format($this->benchmark, $decimals);
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Returns the total number of queries
     *
     * @return    int
     */
    public function total_queries()
    {
        return $this->query_count;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Returns the last query that was executed
     *
     * @return    string
     */
    public function last_query()
    {
        return end($this->queries);
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * "Smart" Escape String
     *
     * Escapes data based on type
     * Sets boolean and null types
     *
     * @param    string
     * @return    mixed
     */
    public function escape($str)
    {
        if (is_array($str)) {
            $str = array_map(array(&$this, 'escape'), $str);
            return $str;
        } elseif (is_string($str) or (is_object($str) && method_exists($str, '__toString'))) {
            return "'" . $this->escape_str($str) . "'";
        } elseif (is_bool($str)) {
            return ($str === false) ? 0 : 1;
        } elseif ($str === null) {
            return 'NULL';
        }

        return $str;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Escape String
     *
     * @param    string|string[]    $str    Input string
     * @param    bool    $like    Whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
     * @return    string
     */
    public function escape_str($str, $like = false)
    {
        if (is_array($str)) {
            foreach ($str as $key => $val) {
                $str[$key] = $this->escape_str($val, $like);
            }

            return $str;
        }

        $str = $this->_escape_str($str);

        // escape LIKE condition wildcards
        if ($like === true) {
            return str_replace(
                array($this->_like_escape_chr, '%', '_'),
                array($this->_like_escape_chr . $this->_like_escape_chr, $this->_like_escape_chr . '%', $this->_like_escape_chr . '_'),
                $str
            );
        }

        return $str;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Escape LIKE String
     *
     * Calls the individual driver for platform
     * specific escaping for LIKE conditions
     *
     * @param    string|string[]
     * @return    mixed
     */
    public function escape_like_str($str)
    {
        return $this->escape_str($str, true);
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Platform-dependant string escape
     *
     * @param    string
     * @return    string
     */
    protected function _escape_str($str)
    {
        return str_replace("'", "''", remove_invisible_characters($str));
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Primary
     *
     * Retrieves the primary key. It assumes that the row in the first
     * position is the primary key
     *
     * @param    string    $table    Table name
     * @return    string
     */
    public function primary($table)
    {
        $fields = $this->list_fields($table);
        return is_array($fields) ? current($fields) : false;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * "Count All" query
     *
     * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
     * the specified database
     *
     * @param    string
     * @return    int
     */
    public function count_all($table = '')
    {
        if ($table === '') {
            return 0;
        }

        $query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->escape_identifiers('numrows') . ' FROM ' . $this->protect_identifiers($table, true, null, false));
        if ($query->num_rows() === 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        $query = $query->row();
        $this->_reset_select();
        return (int) $query->numrows;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Returns an array of table names
     *
     * @param    string    $constrain_by_prefix = FALSE
     * @return    array
     */
    public function list_tables($constrain_by_prefix = false)
    {
        // Is there a cached result?
        if (isset($this->data_cache['table_names'])) {
            return $this->data_cache['table_names'];
        }

        if (false === ($sql = $this->_list_tables($constrain_by_prefix))) {
            return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function') : false;
        }

        $this->data_cache['table_names'] = array();
        $query = $this->query($sql);

        foreach ($query->result_array() as $row) {
            // Do we know from which column to get the table name?
            if (!isset($key)) {
                if (isset($row['table_name'])) {
                    $key = 'table_name';
                } elseif (isset($row['TABLE_NAME'])) {
                    $key = 'TABLE_NAME';
                } else {
                    /* We have no other choice but to just get the first element's key.
                     * Due to array_shift() accepting its argument by reference, if
                     * E_STRICT is on, this would trigger a warning. So we'll have to
                     * assign it first.
                     */
                    $key = array_keys($row);
                    $key = array_shift($key);
                }
            }

            $this->data_cache['table_names'][] = $row[$key];
        }

        return $this->data_cache['table_names'];
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Determine if a particular table exists
     *
     * @param    string    $table_name
     * @return    bool
     */
    public function table_exists($table_name)
    {
        return in_array($this->protect_identifiers($table_name, true, false, false), $this->list_tables());
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Fetch Field Names
     *
     * @param    string    $table    Table name
     * @return    array
     */
    public function list_fields($table)
    {
        // Is there a cached result?
        if (isset($this->data_cache['field_names'][$table])) {
            return $this->data_cache['field_names'][$table];
        }

        if (false === ($sql = $this->_list_columns($table))) {
            return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function') : false;
        }

        $query = $this->query($sql);
        $this->data_cache['field_names'][$table] = array();

        foreach ($query->result_array() as $row) {
            // Do we know from where to get the column's name?
            if (!isset($key)) {
                if (isset($row['column_name'])) {
                    $key = 'column_name';
                } elseif (isset($row['COLUMN_NAME'])) {
                    $key = 'COLUMN_NAME';
                } else {
                    // We have no other choice but to just get the first element's key.
                    $key = key($row);
                }
            }

            $this->data_cache['field_names'][$table][] = $row[$key];
        }

        return $this->data_cache['field_names'][$table];
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Determine if a particular field exists
     *
     * @param    string
     * @param    string
     * @return    bool
     */
    public function field_exists($field_name, $table_name)
    {
        return in_array($field_name, $this->list_fields($table_name));
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Returns an object with field data
     *
     * @param    string    $table    the table name
     * @return    array
     */
    public function field_data($table)
    {
        $query = $this->query($this->_field_data($this->protect_identifiers($table, true, null, false)));
        return ($query) ? $query->field_data() : false;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Escape the SQL Identifiers
     *
     * This function escapes column and table names
     *
     * @param    mixed
     * @return    mixed
     */
    public function escape_identifiers($item)
    {
        if ($this->_escape_char === '' or empty($item) or in_array($item, $this->_reserved_identifiers)) {
            return $item;
        } elseif (is_array($item)) {
            foreach ($item as $key => $value) {
                $item[$key] = $this->escape_identifiers($value);
            }

            return $item;
        }
        // Avoid breaking functions and literal values inside queries
        elseif (ctype_digit($item) or $item[0] === "'" or ($this->_escape_char !== '"' && $item[0] === '"') or strpos($item, '(') !== false) {
            return $item;
        }

        static $preg_ec = array();

        if (empty($preg_ec)) {
            if (is_array($this->_escape_char)) {
                $preg_ec = array(
                    preg_quote($this->_escape_char[0], '/'),
                    preg_quote($this->_escape_char[1], '/'),
                    $this->_escape_char[0],
                    $this->_escape_char[1],
                );
            } else {
                $preg_ec[0] = $preg_ec[1] = preg_quote($this->_escape_char, '/');
                $preg_ec[2] = $preg_ec[3] = $this->_escape_char;
            }
        }

        foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id) {
            if (strpos($item, '.' . $id) !== false) {
                return preg_replace('/' . $preg_ec[0] . '?([^' . $preg_ec[1] . '\.]+)' . $preg_ec[1] . '?\./i', $preg_ec[2] . '$1' . $preg_ec[3] . '.', $item);
            }
        }

        return preg_replace('/' . $preg_ec[0] . '?([^' . $preg_ec[1] . '\.]+)' . $preg_ec[1] . '?(\.)?/i', $preg_ec[2] . '$1' . $preg_ec[3] . '$2', $item);
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Generate an insert string
     *
     * @param    string    the table upon which the query will be performed
     * @param    array    an associative array data of key/values
     * @return    string
     */
    public function insert_string($table, $data)
    {
        $fields = $values = array();

        foreach ($data as $key => $val) {
            $fields[] = $this->escape_identifiers($key);
            $values[] = $this->escape($val);
        }

        return $this->_insert($this->protect_identifiers($table, true, null, false), $fields, $values);
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Insert statement
     *
     * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
     *
     * @param    string    the table name
     * @param    array    the insert keys
     * @param    array    the insert values
     * @return    string
     */
    protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
    {
        return 'INSERT INTO ' . $table . ' (' . implode(', ', $keys) . ') VALUES (' . implode(', ', $values) . ')';
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Generate an update string
     *
     * @param    string    the table upon which the query will be performed
     * @param    array    an associative array data of key/values
     * @param    mixed    the "where" statement
     * @return    string
     */
    public function update_string($table, $data, $where)
    {
        if (empty($where)) {
            return false;
        }

        $this->where($where);

        $fields = array();
        foreach ($data as $key => $val) {
            $fields[$this->protect_identifiers($key)] = $this->escape($val);
        }

        $sql = $this->_update($this->protect_identifiers($table, true, null, false), $fields);
        $this->_reset_write();
        return $sql;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Update statement
     *
     * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
     *
     * @param    string    the table name
     * @param    array    the update data
     * @return    string
     */
    protected function _update($table, $values)
    {
        foreach ($values as $key => $val) {
            $valstr[] = $key . ' = ' . $val;
        }

        return 'UPDATE ' . $table . ' SET ' . implode(', ', $valstr)
        . $this->_compile_wh('qb_where')
        . $this->_compile_order_by()
            . ($this->qb_limit ? ' LIMIT ' . $this->qb_limit : '');
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Tests whether the string has an SQL operator
     *
     * @param    string
     * @return    bool
     */
    protected function _has_operator($str)
    {
        return (bool) preg_match('/(<|>|!|=|\sIS NULL|\sIS NOT NULL|\sEXISTS|\sBETWEEN|\sLIKE|\sIN\s*\(|\s)/i', trim($str));
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Returns the SQL string operator
     *
     * @param    string
     * @return    string
     */
    protected function _get_operator($str)
    {
        static $_operators;

        if (empty($_operators)) {
            $_les = ($this->_like_escape_str !== '')
            ? '\s+' . preg_quote(trim(sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr)), '/')
            : '';
            $_operators = array(
                '\s*(?:<|>|!)?=\s*', // =, <=, >=, !=
                '\s*<>?\s*', // <, <>
                '\s*>\s*', // >
                '\s+IS NULL', // IS NULL
                '\s+IS NOT NULL', // IS NOT NULL
                '\s+EXISTS\s*\([^\)]+\)', // EXISTS(sql)
                '\s+NOT EXISTS\s*\([^\)]+\)', // NOT EXISTS(sql)
                '\s+BETWEEN\s+', // BETWEEN value AND value
                '\s+IN\s*\([^\)]+\)', // IN(list)
                '\s+NOT IN\s*\([^\)]+\)', // NOT IN (list)
                '\s+LIKE\s+\S.*(' . $_les . ')?', // LIKE 'expr'[ ESCAPE '%s']
                '\s+NOT LIKE\s+\S.*(' . $_les . ')?', // NOT LIKE 'expr'[ ESCAPE '%s']
            );

        }

        return preg_match('/' . implode('|', $_operators) . '/i', $str, $match)
        ? $match[0] : false;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Enables a native PHP function to be run, using a platform agnostic wrapper.
     *
     * @param    string    $function    Function name
     * @return    mixed
     */
    public function call_function($function)
    {
        $driver = ($this->dbdriver === 'postgre') ? 'pg_' : $this->dbdriver . '_';

        if (false === strpos($driver, $function)) {
            $function = $driver . $function;
        }

        if (!function_exists($function)) {
            return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function') : false;
        }

        return (func_num_args() > 1)
        ? call_user_func_array($function, array_slice(func_get_args(), 1))
        : call_user_func($function);
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Set Cache Directory Path
     *
     * @param    string    the path to the cache directory
     * @return    void
     */
    public function cache_set_path($path = '')
    {
        $this->cachedir = $path;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Enable Query Caching
     *
     * @return    bool    cache_on value
     */
    public function cache_on()
    {
        return $this->cache_on = true;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Disable Query Caching
     *
     * @return    bool    cache_on value
     */
    public function cache_off()
    {
        return $this->cache_on = false;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Delete the cache files associated with a particular URI
     *
     * @param    string    $segment_one = ''
     * @param    string    $segment_two = ''
     * @return    bool
     */
    public function cache_delete($segment_one = '', $segment_two = '')
    {
        return $this->_cache_init()
        ? $this->CACHE->delete($segment_one, $segment_two)
        : false;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Delete All cache files
     *
     * @return    bool
     */
    public function cache_delete_all()
    {
        return $this->_cache_init()
        ? $this->CACHE->delete_all()
        : false;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Initialize the Cache Class
     *
     * @return    bool
     */
    protected function _cache_init()
    {
        if (!class_exists('CI_DB_Cache', false)) {
            require_once BASEPATH . 'database/DB_cache.php';
        } elseif (is_object($this->CACHE)) {
            return true;
        }

        $this->CACHE = new CI_DB_Cache($this); // pass db object to support multiple db connections and returned db objects
        return true;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Close DB Connection
     *
     * @return    void
     */
    public function close()
    {
        if ($this->conn_id) {
            $this->_close();
            $this->conn_id = false;
        }
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Close DB Connection
     *
     * This method would be overridden by most of the drivers.
     *
     * @return    void
     */
    protected function _close()
    {
        $this->conn_id = false;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Display an error message
     *
     * @param    string    the error message
     * @param    string    any "swap" values
     * @param    bool    whether to localize the message
     * @return    string    sends the application/views/errors/error_db.php template
     */
    public function display_error($error = '', $swap = '', $native = false)
    {
        $LANG = &load_class('Lang', 'core');
        $LANG->load('db');

        $heading = $LANG->line('db_error_heading');

        if ($native === true) {
            $message = (array) $error;
        } else {
            $message = is_array($error) ? $error : array(str_replace('%s', $swap, $LANG->line($error)));
        }

        // Find the most likely culprit of the error by going through
        // the backtrace until the source file is no longer in the
        // database folder.
        $trace = debug_backtrace();
        foreach ($trace as $call) {
            if (isset($call['file'], $call['class'])) {
                // We'll need this on Windows, as APPPATH and BASEPATH will always use forward slashes
                if (DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR !== '/') {
                    $call['file'] = str_replace('\\', '/', $call['file']);
                }

                if (strpos($call['file'], BASEPATH . 'database') === false && strpos($call['class'], 'Loader') === false) {
                    // Found it - use a relative path for safety
                    $message[] = 'Filename: ' . str_replace(array(APPPATH, BASEPATH), '', $call['file']);
                    $message[] = 'Line Number: ' . $call['line'];
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        $error = &load_class('Exceptions', 'core');
        echo $error->show_error($heading, $message, 'error_db');
        exit(8); // EXIT_DATABASE
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Protect Identifiers
     *
     * This function is used extensively by the Query Builder class, and by
     * a couple functions in this class.
     * It takes a column or table name (optionally with an alias) and inserts
     * the table prefix onto it. Some logic is necessary in order to deal with
     * column names that include the path. Consider a query like this:
     *
     * SELECT * FROM hostname.database.table.column AS c FROM hostname.database.table
     *
     * Or a query with aliasing:
     *
     * SELECT m.member_id, m.member_name FROM members AS m
     *
     * Since the column name can include up to four segments (host, DB, table, column)
     * or also have an alias prefix, we need to do a bit of work to figure this out and
     * insert the table prefix (if it exists) in the proper position, and escape only
     * the correct identifiers.
     *
     * @param    string
     * @param    bool
     * @param    mixed
     * @param    bool
     * @return    string
     */
    public function protect_identifiers($item, $prefix_single = false, $protect_identifiers = null, $field_exists = true)
    {
        if (!is_bool($protect_identifiers)) {
            $protect_identifiers = $this->_protect_identifiers;
        }

        if (is_array($item)) {
            $escaped_array = array();
            foreach ($item as $k => $v) {
                $escaped_array[$this->protect_identifiers($k)] = $this->protect_identifiers($v, $prefix_single, $protect_identifiers, $field_exists);
            }

            return $escaped_array;
        }

        // This is basically a bug fix for queries that use MAX, MIN, etc.
        // If a parenthesis is found we know that we do not need to
        // escape the data or add a prefix. There's probably a more graceful
        // way to deal with this, but I'm not thinking of it -- Rick
        //
        // Added exception for single quotes as well, we don't want to alter
        // literal strings. -- Narf
        if (strcspn($item, "()'") !== strlen($item)) {
            return $item;
        }

        // Convert tabs or multiple spaces into single spaces
        $item = preg_replace('/\s+/', ' ', trim($item));

        // If the item has an alias declaration we remove it and set it aside.
        // Note: strripos() is used in order to support spaces in table names
        if ($offset = strripos($item, ' AS ')) {
            $alias = ($protect_identifiers)
            ? substr($item, $offset, 4) . $this->escape_identifiers(substr($item, $offset + 4))
            : substr($item, $offset);
            $item = substr($item, 0, $offset);
        } elseif ($offset = strrpos($item, ' ')) {
            $alias = ($protect_identifiers)
            ? ' ' . $this->escape_identifiers(substr($item, $offset + 1))
            : substr($item, $offset);
            $item = substr($item, 0, $offset);
        } else {
            $alias = '';
        }

        // Break the string apart if it contains periods, then insert the table prefix
        // in the correct location, assuming the period doesn't indicate that we're dealing
        // with an alias. While we're at it, we will escape the components
        if (strpos($item, '.') !== false) {
            $parts = explode('.', $item);

            // Does the first segment of the exploded item match
            // one of the aliases previously identified? If so,
            // we have nothing more to do other than escape the item
            //
            // NOTE: The ! empty() condition prevents this method
            //       from breaking when QB isn't enabled.
            if (!empty($this->qb_aliased_tables) && in_array($parts[0], $this->qb_aliased_tables)) {
                if ($protect_identifiers === true) {
                    foreach ($parts as $key => $val) {
                        if (!in_array($val, $this->_reserved_identifiers)) {
                            $parts[$key] = $this->escape_identifiers($val);
                        }
                    }

                    $item = implode('.', $parts);
                }

                return $item . $alias;
            }

            // Is there a table prefix defined in the config file? If not, no need to do anything
            if ($this->dbprefix !== '') {
                // We now add the table prefix based on some logic.
                // Do we have 4 segments (hostname.database.table.column)?
                // If so, we add the table prefix to the column name in the 3rd segment.
                if (isset($parts[3])) {
                    $i = 2;
                }
                // Do we have 3 segments (database.table.column)?
                // If so, we add the table prefix to the column name in 2nd position
                elseif (isset($parts[2])) {
                    $i = 1;
                }
                // Do we have 2 segments (table.column)?
                // If so, we add the table prefix to the column name in 1st segment
                else {
                    $i = 0;
                }

                // This flag is set when the supplied $item does not contain a field name.
                // This can happen when this function is being called from a JOIN.
                if ($field_exists === false) {
                    $i++;
                }

                // Verify table prefix and replace if necessary
                if ($this->swap_pre !== '' && strpos($parts[$i], $this->swap_pre) === 0) {
                    $parts[$i] = preg_replace('/^' . $this->swap_pre . '(\S+?)/', $this->dbprefix . '\\1', $parts[$i]);
                }
                // We only add the table prefix if it does not already exist
                elseif (strpos($parts[$i], $this->dbprefix) !== 0) {
                    $parts[$i] = $this->dbprefix . $parts[$i];
                }

                // Put the parts back together
                $item = implode('.', $parts);
            }

            if ($protect_identifiers === true) {
                $item = $this->escape_identifiers($item);
            }

            return $item . $alias;
        }

        // Is there a table prefix? If not, no need to insert it
        if ($this->dbprefix !== '') {
            // Verify table prefix and replace if necessary
            if ($this->swap_pre !== '' && strpos($item, $this->swap_pre) === 0) {
                $item = preg_replace('/^' . $this->swap_pre . '(\S+?)/', $this->dbprefix . '\\1', $item);
            }
            // Do we prefix an item with no segments?
            elseif ($prefix_single === true && strpos($item, $this->dbprefix) !== 0) {
                $item = $this->dbprefix . $item;
            }
        }

        if ($protect_identifiers === true && !in_array($item, $this->_reserved_identifiers)) {
            $item = $this->escape_identifiers($item);
        }

        return $item . $alias;
    }

    // --------------------------------------------------------------------

    /**
     * Dummy method that allows Query Builder class to be disabled
     * and keep count_all() working.
     *
     * @return    void
     */
    protected function _reset_select()
    {
    }

}