Hi, am running this cpp got coredumped on macOS

[lucasjinreal]

Thanks for this helpful tutorial! I build this cpp:

#define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

#include <algorithm>
#include <cstdint>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
#include <limits>
#include <optional>
#include <set>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <vector>

const uint32_t WIDTH = 800;
const uint32_t HEIGHT = 600;

const std::vector<const char *> validationLayers = {
    "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"};

const std::vector<const char *> deviceExtensions = {
    VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME};

const bool enableValidationLayers = false;


VkResult CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(
    VkInstance instance, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT *pCreateInfo,
    const VkAllocationCallbacks *pAllocator,
    VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT *pDebugMessenger) {
  auto func = (PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(
      instance, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
  if (func != nullptr) {
    return func(instance, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pDebugMessenger);
  } else {
    return VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT;
  }
}

void DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance,
                                   VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger,
                                   const VkAllocationCallbacks *pAllocator) {
  auto func = (PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(
      instance, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
  if (func != nullptr) {
    func(instance, debugMessenger, pAllocator);
  }
}

struct QueueFamilyIndices {
  std::optional<uint32_t> graphicsFamily;
  std::optional<uint32_t> presentFamily;

  bool isComplete() {
    return graphicsFamily.has_value() && presentFamily.has_value();
  }
};

struct SwapChainSupportDetails {
  VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;
  std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats;
  std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes;
};

class HelloTriangleApplication {
public:
  void run() {
    initWindow();
    initVulkan();
    mainLoop();
    cleanup();
  }

private:
  GLFWwindow *window;

  VkInstance instance;
  VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger;
  VkSurfaceKHR surface;

  VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
  VkDevice device;

  VkQueue graphicsQueue;
  VkQueue presentQueue;

  VkSwapchainKHR swapChain;
  std::vector<VkImage> swapChainImages;
  VkFormat swapChainImageFormat;
  VkExtent2D swapChainExtent;
  std::vector<VkImageView> swapChainImageViews;

  void initWindow() {
    glfwInit();

    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GLFW_FALSE);

    window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Vulkan", nullptr, nullptr);
  }

  void initVulkan() {
    createInstance();
    setupDebugMessenger();
    createSurface();
    pickPhysicalDevice();
    createLogicalDevice();
    createSwapChain();
    createImageViews();
  }

  void mainLoop() {
    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
      glfwPollEvents();
    }
  }

  void cleanup() {
    for (auto imageView : swapChainImageViews) {
      vkDestroyImageView(device, imageView, nullptr);
    }

    vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapChain, nullptr);
    vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr);

    if (enableValidationLayers) {
      DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, debugMessenger, nullptr);
    }

    vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, surface, nullptr);
    vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);

    glfwDestroyWindow(window);

    glfwTerminate();
  }

  void createInstance() {
    if (enableValidationLayers && !checkValidationLayerSupport()) {
      throw std::runtime_error(
          "validation layers requested, but not available!");
    }

    VkApplicationInfo appInfo{};
    appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
    appInfo.pApplicationName = "Hello Triangle";
    appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
    appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine";
    appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
    appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;

    VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo{};
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
    createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;

    auto extensions = getRequiredExtensions();
    createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(extensions.size());
    createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data();

    VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugCreateInfo{};
    if (enableValidationLayers) {
      createInfo.enabledLayerCount =
          static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
      createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();

      populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(debugCreateInfo);
      createInfo.pNext = (VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT *)&debugCreateInfo;
    } else {
      createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;

      createInfo.pNext = nullptr;
    }

    if (vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create instance!");
    }
  }

  void populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(
      VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT &createInfo) {
    createInfo = {};
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
    createInfo.messageSeverity =
        VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT |
        VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT |
        VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;
    createInfo.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT |
                             VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT |
                             VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;
    createInfo.pfnUserCallback = debugCallback;
  }

  void setupDebugMessenger() {
    if (!enableValidationLayers)
      return;

    VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT createInfo;
    populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(createInfo);

    if (CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, &createInfo, nullptr,
                                     &debugMessenger) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to set up debug messenger!");
    }
  }

  void createSurface() {
    if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(instance, window, nullptr, &surface) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");
    }
  }

  void pickPhysicalDevice() {
    uint32_t deviceCount = 0;
    vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, nullptr);

    if (deviceCount == 0) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to find GPUs with Vulkan support!");
    }

    std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices(deviceCount);
    vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, devices.data());

    for (const auto &device : devices) {
      if (isDeviceSuitable(device)) {
        physicalDevice = device;
        break;
      }
    }

    if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
    }
  }

  void createLogicalDevice() {
    QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

    std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queueCreateInfos;
    std::set<uint32_t> uniqueQueueFamilies = {indices.graphicsFamily.value(),
                                              indices.presentFamily.value()};

    float queuePriority = 1.0f;
    for (uint32_t queueFamily : uniqueQueueFamilies) {
      VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo{};
      queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
      queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily;
      queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;
      queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;
      queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo);
    }

    VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures{};

    VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo{};
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;

    createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount =
        static_cast<uint32_t>(queueCreateInfos.size());
    createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data();

    createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures;

    createInfo.enabledExtensionCount =
        static_cast<uint32_t>(deviceExtensions.size());
    createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data();

    if (enableValidationLayers) {
      createInfo.enabledLayerCount =
          static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
      createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
    } else {
      createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
    }

    if (vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create logical device!");
    }

    vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.graphicsFamily.value(), 0, &graphicsQueue);
    vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.presentFamily.value(), 0, &presentQueue);
  }

  void createSwapChain() {
    SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport =
        querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice);

    VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat =
        chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats);
    VkPresentModeKHR presentMode =
        chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes);
    VkExtent2D extent = chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities);

    uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1;
    if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount > 0 &&
        imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) {
      imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount;
    }

    VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo{};
    createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
    createInfo.surface = surface;

    createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;
    createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
    createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;
    createInfo.imageExtent = extent;
    createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;
    createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;

    QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
    uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = {indices.graphicsFamily.value(),
                                     indices.presentFamily.value()};

    if (indices.graphicsFamily != indices.presentFamily) {
      createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
      createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;
      createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;
    } else {
      createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
    }

    createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform;
    createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
    createInfo.presentMode = presentMode;
    createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE;

    createInfo.oldSwapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

    if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChain) !=
        VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw std::runtime_error("failed to create swap chain!");
    }

    vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr);
    swapChainImages.resize(imageCount);
    vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount,
                            swapChainImages.data());

    swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
    swapChainExtent = extent;
  }

  void createImageViews() {
    swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size());

    for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
      VkImageViewCreateInfo createInfo{};
      createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
      createInfo.image = swapChainImages[i];
      createInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
      createInfo.format = swapChainImageFormat;
      createInfo.components.r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
      createInfo.components.g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
      createInfo.components.b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
      createInfo.components.a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
      createInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
      createInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
      createInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
      createInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
      createInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

      if (vkCreateImageView(device, &createInfo, nullptr,
                            &swapChainImageViews[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image views!");
      }
    }
  }

  VkSurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(
      const std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> &availableFormats) {
    for (const auto &availableFormat : availableFormats) {
      if (availableFormat.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB &&
          availableFormat.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) {
        return availableFormat;
      }
    }

    return availableFormats[0];
  }

  VkPresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(
      const std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> &availablePresentModes) {
    for (const auto &availablePresentMode : availablePresentModes) {
      if (availablePresentMode == VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR) {
        return availablePresentMode;
      }
    }

    return VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;
  }

  VkExtent2D chooseSwapExtent(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR &capabilities) {
    if (capabilities.currentExtent.width !=
        std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
      return capabilities.currentExtent;
    } else {
      int width, height;
      glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);

      VkExtent2D actualExtent = {static_cast<uint32_t>(width),
                                 static_cast<uint32_t>(height)};

      actualExtent.width =
          std::clamp(actualExtent.width, capabilities.minImageExtent.width,
                     capabilities.maxImageExtent.width);
      actualExtent.height =
          std::clamp(actualExtent.height, capabilities.minImageExtent.height,
                     capabilities.maxImageExtent.height);

      return actualExtent;
    }
  }

  SwapChainSupportDetails querySwapChainSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
    SwapChainSupportDetails details;

    vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(device, surface,
                                              &details.capabilities);

    uint32_t formatCount;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount,
                                         nullptr);

    if (formatCount != 0) {
      details.formats.resize(formatCount);
      vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount,
                                           details.formats.data());
    }

    uint32_t presentModeCount;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface,
                                              &presentModeCount, nullptr);

    if (presentModeCount != 0) {
      details.presentModes.resize(presentModeCount);
      vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(
          device, surface, &presentModeCount, details.presentModes.data());
    }

    return details;
  }

  bool isDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
    QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(device);

    bool extensionsSupported = checkDeviceExtensionSupport(device);

    bool swapChainAdequate = false;
    if (extensionsSupported) {
      SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(device);
      swapChainAdequate = !swapChainSupport.formats.empty() &&
                          !swapChainSupport.presentModes.empty();
    }

    return indices.isComplete() && extensionsSupported && swapChainAdequate;
  }

  bool checkDeviceExtensionSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
    uint32_t extensionCount;
    vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount,
                                         nullptr);

    std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> availableExtensions(extensionCount);
    vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount,
                                         availableExtensions.data());

    std::set<std::string> requiredExtensions(deviceExtensions.begin(),
                                             deviceExtensions.end());

    for (const auto &extension : availableExtensions) {
      requiredExtensions.erase(extension.extensionName);
    }

    return requiredExtensions.empty();
  }

  QueueFamilyIndices findQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
    QueueFamilyIndices indices;

    uint32_t queueFamilyCount = 0;
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount,
                                             nullptr);

    std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilies(queueFamilyCount);
    vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount,
                                             queueFamilies.data());

    int i = 0;
    for (const auto &queueFamily : queueFamilies) {
      if (queueFamily.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) {
        indices.graphicsFamily = i;
      }

      VkBool32 presentSupport = false;
      vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(device, i, surface, &presentSupport);

      if (presentSupport) {
        indices.presentFamily = i;
      }

      if (indices.isComplete()) {
        break;
      }

      i++;
    }

    return indices;
  }

  std::vector<const char *> getRequiredExtensions() {
    uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
    const char **glfwExtensions;
    glfwExtensions = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);

    std::vector<const char *> extensions(glfwExtensions,
                                         glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount);

    if (enableValidationLayers) {
      extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
    }

    return extensions;
  }

  bool checkValidationLayerSupport() {
    uint32_t layerCount;
    vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, nullptr);

    std::vector<VkLayerProperties> availableLayers(layerCount);
    vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, availableLayers.data());

    for (const char *layerName : validationLayers) {
      bool layerFound = false;

      for (const auto &layerProperties : availableLayers) {
        if (strcmp(layerName, layerProperties.layerName) == 0) {
          layerFound = true;
          break;
        }
      }

      if (!layerFound) {
        return false;
      }
    }

    return true;
  }

  static VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL
  debugCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity,
                VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType,
                const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT *pCallbackData,
                void *pUserData) {
    std::cerr << "validation layer: " << pCallbackData->pMessage << std::endl;

    return VK_FALSE;
  }
};

int main() {
  HelloTriangleApplication app;

  try {
    app.run();
  } catch (const std::exception &e) {
    std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
    return EXIT_FAILURE;
  }

  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

It was same as, just before createFrameBuffers.

when running:

[1]    2872 abort      ./test

I am on macOS, don't know why, any help?

[ghost]

Hi,

maby you could provide some more information what you did and about your system, because then someone can actually help you.

[LeeTeng2001]

Did you try to run in debug mode and step through the code? See which part does it crash.