detecting-size-spectra-difference.bib

@article{Andersen2006a,
  title = {Asymptotic {{Size Determines Species Abundance}} in the {{Marine Size Spectrum}}.},
  author = {Andersen, K. H. and Beyer, J. E.},
  year = {2006},
  month = jul,
  journal = {The American Naturalist},
  volume = {168},
  number = {1},
  pages = {54--61},
  publisher = {{The University of Chicago Press}},
  issn = {0003-0147},
  doi = {10.1086/504849},
  urldate = {2023-01-11},
  abstract = {The majority of higher organisms in the marine environment display indeterminate growth; that is, they continue to grow throughout their life, limited by an asymptotic size. We derive the abundance of species as a function of their asymptotic size. The derivation is based on size-spectrum theory, where population structure is derived from physiology and simple arguments regarding the predator-prey interaction. Using a hypothesis of constant satiation, which states that the average degree of satiation is independent of the size of an organism, the number of individuals with a given size is found to be proportional to the weight raised to the power -2.05, independent of the predator/prey size ratio. This is the first time the spectrum exponent has been derived solely on the basis of processes at the individual level. The theory furthermore predicts that the parameters in the von Bertalanffy growth function are related as  K{$\propto$} L -1 {$\infty$} K{$\propto$}L{$\infty-$}1 .},
  keywords = {food web,life history,marine ecology,size spectrum}
}
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@article{andersen2016,
  title = {Assumptions behind Size-Based Ecosystem Models Are Realistic},
  author = {Andersen, Ken H. and Blanchard, Julia L. and Fulton, Elizabeth A. and Gislason, Henrik and Jacobsen, Nis Sand and {van Kooten}, Tobias},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  journal = {ICES Journal of Marine Science},
  volume = {73},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1651--1655},
  issn = {1095-9289, 1054-3139},
  doi = {10.1093/icesjms/fsv211},
  urldate = {2020-04-27},
  abstract = {A recent publication about balanced harvesting (Froese et al., ICES Journal of Marine Science; 73: 1640\textendash 1650) contains several erroneous statements about size-spectrum models. We refute the statements by showing that the assumptions pertaining to size-spectrum models discussed by Froese et al. are realistic and consistent. We further show that the assumption about density-dependence being described by a stock recruitment relationship is responsible for determining whether a peak in the cohort biomass of a population occurs late or early in life. Finally, we argue that there is indeed a constructive role for a wide suite of ecosystem models to evaluate fishing strategies in an ecosystem context.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\NFGS85SQ\\Andersen et al. - 2016 - Assumptions behind size-based ecosystem models are.pdf}
}
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@article{blackburn1990,
  title = {Species {{Number}}, {{Population Density}} and {{Body Size Relationships}} in {{Natural Communities}}},
  author = {Blackburn, Tim M. and Harvey, Paul H. and Pagel, Mark D.},
  year = {1990},
  journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
  volume = {59},
  number = {1},
  eprint = {5176},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {335--345},
  publisher = {{[Wiley, British Ecological Society]}},
  issn = {0021-8790},
  doi = {10.2307/5176},
  urldate = {2023-01-07},
  abstract = {(1) Population densities reported in the literature for a large range of species drawn from different communities typically decrease with increased body size. However, representative samples from feeding guilds within natural communities of both birds and beetles indicate that the highest population densities tend to be recorded from species of intermediate size. The large population densities recorded for some intermediate-sized species, but not small or large-sized species, may be a sampling effect resulting from there being more intermediate-sized species in the communities. (2) Three statistical tests show that, within four guilds of Bornean beetles and two guilds of North American birds, even though the highest population densities are found among species of intermediate size, the average population density and the variance of population densities is broadly similar for species in different size classes. (3) A simulation study showed the shape of the three-dimensional surface formed from the relationships among number of species, population density, and body size for the null distribution within each guild. In most but not all guilds, the shape of the species-density (or species-abundance) curve is broadly similar for each of the size classes. There may be no detectable relationship between body size and population density within many animal communities. (4) Before concluding that a particular community shows a relationship between density and body size, it should be tested against an appropriate null sampling model.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\684BMSCS\\Blackburn et al. - 1990 - Species Number, Population Density and Body Size R.pdf}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for blackburn1990:
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@article{blackburn1993,
  title = {The {{Relationship}} between {{Abundance}} and {{Body Size}} in {{Natural Animal Assemblages}}},
  author = {Blackburn, Tim M. and Brown, Val K. and Doube, Bernard M. and Greenwood, Jeremy J. D. and Lawton, John H. and Stork, Nigel E.},
  year = {1993},
  journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
  volume = {62},
  number = {3},
  eprint = {5201},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {519--528},
  publisher = {{[Wiley, British Ecological Society]}},
  issn = {0021-8790},
  doi = {10.2307/5201},
  urldate = {2023-01-07},
  abstract = {1. Studies of the relationship between body weight and population abundance for animal species based on pooling data from many taxa and assemblages suggest that abundance scales with weight to the -0.75 power (e.g. Damuth 1987). Since metabolic rate scales with weight as (plus) 0.75, this result has been taken as evidence that all species in assemblages used equal amounts of energy. The evidence for `energetic equivalence' is, however, equivocal, because within many individual assemblages the scaling of abundance on weight differs significantly from -0.75. 2. Here, we examine the relationship between body size (weight and/or length) and abundance in nine previously unpublished animal assemblages, and five previously published assemblages for which data were available, to answer three questions: (i) What form does the relationship between size and abundance within assemblages usually take? (ii) How good is body size as a predictor of abundance? (iii) Is there evidence that species abundances in assemblages may be constrained by per capita energetic requirements? 3. Twelve of the 14 assemblages show a negative relationship between log body size and log population abundance, but the proportion of variance in abundance which body size explains is always low. Plots of the relationship tend to be polygonal. 4. Regression slopes for most assemblages differ significantly from the predictions of energetic constraint models: most species in these assemblages cannot be energy limited. However, the most abundant species near the upper bound slopes of assemblages may be energy limited, because in only one assemblage does the upper bound slope differ from energetic model predictions. 5. Two of the assemblages were compiled from 12 subsamples. Tested individually, the subsamples show the same patterns as the assemblages themselves. 6. We conclude that within natural assemblages, the relationship between body size and abundance is usually polygonal, with species body size being a very poor predictor of species abundance. Abundances of most species in assemblages are not, apparently, constrained by energetic requirements, but the commonest species in assemblages may be.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\X8EEQLDS\\Blackburn et al. - 1993 - The Relationship between Abundance and Body Size i.pdf}
}
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@article{blanchard2009,
  title = {How Does Abundance Scale with Body Size in Coupled Size-Structured Food Webs?},
  author = {Blanchard, Julia L and Jennings, Simon and Law, Richard and Castle, Matthew D and Mccloghrie, Paul and Rochet, Marie-jo{\"e}lle and Beno{\^i}t, Eric},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
  volume = {78},
  pages = {270--280},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01466.x},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Justin\\Documents\\Mendeley Desktop\\Blanchard et al. - 2009 - How does abundance scale with body size in coupled size-structured food webs.pdf}
}

@book{brown1995,
  title = {Macroecology},
  author = {Brown, James H.},
  year = {1995},
  month = jun,
  publisher = {{University of Chicago Press}},
  address = {{Chicago, IL}},
  urldate = {2023-01-07},
  abstract = {In Macroecology, James H. Brown proposes a radical new research agenda designed to broaden the scope of ecology to encompass vast geographical areas and very long time spans. While much ecological research is narrowly focused and experimental, providing detailed information that cannot be used to generalize from one ecological community or time period to another, macroecology draws on data from many disciplines to create a less detailed but much broader picture with greater potential for generalization. Integrating data from ecology, systematics, evolutionary biology, paleobiology, and biogeography to investigate problems that could only be addressed on a much smaller scale by traditional approaches, macroecology provides a richer, more complete understanding of how patterns of life have moved across the earth over time. Brown also demonstrates the advantages of macroecology for conservation, showing how it allows scientists to look beyond endangered species and ecological communities to consider the long history and large geographic scale of human impacts. An important reassessment of the direction of ecology by one of the most influential thinkers in the field, this work will shape future research in ecology and other disciplines."This approach may well mark a major new turn in the road in the history of ecology, and I find it extremely exciting. The scope of Macroecology is tremendous and the book makes use of its author's exceptionally broad experience and knowledge. An excellent and important book."\textemdash Lawrence R. Heaney, Center for Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, the Field Museum},
  isbn = {978-0-226-07615-7},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\LTSJKG2C\\bo3632297.html}
}
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% ? unused Url ("https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/M/bo3632297.html")

@article{Brown2004,
  title = {Toward a Metabolic Theory of Ecology},
  author = {Brown, James H and Gillooly, James F and Allen, Andrew P and Savage, Van M and West, Geoffrey B},
  year = {2004},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Ecology},
  volume = {85},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1771--1789},
  publisher = {{Ecological Society of America}},
  issn = {1939-9170},
  doi = {10.1890/03-9000},
  keywords = {allometry,biogeochemical cycles,body size,development,ecological interactions,ecological theory,metabolism,population growth,production,stoichiometry,temperature,trophic dynamics}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for Brown2004:
% ? unused Url ("http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/03-9000")

@article{Chang2014,
  title = {Linking Secondary Structure of Individual Size Distribution with Nonlinear Size\textendash Trophic Level Relationship in Food Webs},
  author = {Chang, Chun-Wei and Miki, Takeshi and Shiah, Fuh-Kwo and Kao, Shuh-ji and Wu, Jiunn-Tzong and Sastri, Akash R. and Hsieh, Chih-hao},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Ecology},
  volume = {95},
  number = {4},
  pages = {897--909},
  issn = {1939-9170},
  doi = {10.1890/13-0742.1},
  urldate = {2023-07-24},
  abstract = {Existing individual size distribution (ISD) theories assume that the trophic level (TL) of an organism varies as a linear function of its log-transformed body size. This assumption predicts a power-law distribution of the ISD, i.e., a linear relationship between size and abundance in log space. However, the secondary structure of ISD (nonlinear dome shape structures deviating from a power-law distribution) is often observed. We propose a model that extends the metabolic theory to link the secondary structure of ISD to the nonlinear size\textendash TL relationship. This model is tested with empirical data collected from a subtropical reservoir. The empirical ISD and size\textendash TL relationships were constructed by FlowCAM imaging analysis and stable isotope analyses, respectively. Our results demonstrate that the secondary structure of ISD can be predicted from the nonlinear function of size\textendash TL relationship and vice versa. Moreover, these secondary structures arise due to (1) zooplankton omnivory and (2) the trophic interactions within microbial food webs.},
  copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2014 by the Ecological Society of America},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Feitsui Reservoir,freshwater lake plankton,individual size distribution,metabolic theory,microbial food web,omnivorous feeding,size-based food webs,size\textendash trophic level relationship,stable isotope analysis,Taiwan,trophic interactions,zooplankton},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\3G35KLP3\\13-0742.html}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for Chang2014:
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@article{Damuth1981,
  title = {Population Density and Body Size in Mammals},
  author = {Damuth, John},
  year = {1981},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {290},
  number = {5808},
  pages = {699--700},
  publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}},
  issn = {1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/290699a0},
  urldate = {2023-02-23},
  abstract = {There seems to be an inverse relationship between the size of an animal species and its local abundance. Here I describe the interspecific seating of population density and body mass among mammalian primary consumers (herbivores, broadly defined). Density is related approximately reciprocally to individual metabolic requirements, indicating that the energy used by the local population of a species in the community is independent of its body size. I suggest that this is a more general rule of community structure.},
  copyright = {1981 Nature Publishing Group},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Humanities and Social Sciences,multidisciplinary,Science}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for Damuth1981:
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@article{Damuth1991,
  title = {Of Size and Abundance},
  author = {Damuth, John},
  year = {1991},
  month = may,
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {351},
  number = {6324},
  pages = {268--269},
  publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}},
  issn = {1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/351268a0},
  urldate = {2023-02-23},
  copyright = {1991 Nature Publishing Group},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Humanities and Social Sciences,multidisciplinary,Science}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for Damuth1991:
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@article{Damuth1998,
  title = {Common Rules for Animals and Plants},
  author = {Damuth, John D.},
  year = {1998},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {395},
  number = {6698},
  pages = {115--116},
  publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}},
  issn = {1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/25843},
  urldate = {2023-02-23},
  abstract = {The relationship between the size and the number of plants in natural stands of vegetation has generally been taken to be governed by geometric considerations. On this basis, theory has it that average plant size scales as the -3/2 power of population density. If, however, energy use is taken as the determining factor, the exponent becomes -4/3 \textemdash{} which happens to be the exponent that applies to comparable relationships in animals.},
  copyright = {1998 Macmillan Magazines Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Humanities and Social Sciences,multidisciplinary,Science}
}
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@article{dossena2012,
  title = {Warming Alters Community Size Structure and Ecosystem Functioning},
  author = {Dossena, M. and {Yvon-Durocher}, G. and Grey, J. and Montoya, J. M. and Perkins, D. M. and Trimmer, M. and Woodward, G.},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B},
  volume = {279},
  number = {1740},
  pages = {3011--3019},
  issn = {0962-8452},
  doi = {10.1098/rspb.2012.0394},
  abstract = {Global warming can affect all levels of biological complexity, though we currently understand least about its potential impact on communities and ecosystems. At the ecosystem level, warming has the capacity to alter the structure of communities and the rates of key ecosystem processes they mediate. Here we assessed the effects of a 4\textdegree C rise in temperature on the size structure and taxonomic composition of benthic communities in aquatic mesocosms, and the rates of detrital decomposition they mediated. Warming had no effect on biodiversity, but altered community size structure in two ways. In spring, warmer systems exhibited steeper size spectra driven by declines in total community biomass and the proportion of large organisms. By contrast, in autumn, warmer systems had shallower size spectra driven by elevated total community biomass and a greater proportion of large organisms. Community-level shifts were mirrored by changes in decomposition rates. Temperature-corrected microbial and macrofaunal decomposition rates reflected the shifts in community structure and were strongly correlated with biomass across mesocosms. Our study demonstrates that the 4\textdegree C rise in temperature expected by the end of the century has the potential to alter the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems profoundly, as well as the intimate linkages between these levels of ecological organization.},
  isbn = {0962-8452},
  pmid = {22496185},
  keywords = {body mass,community structure,ecosystem functioning,global warming,size spectrum},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Justin\\Documents\\Mendeley Desktop\\Dossena et al. - 2012 - Warming alters community size structure and ecosystem functioning.pdf}
}

@article{edwards2017,
  title = {Testing and Recommending Methods for Fitting Size Spectra to Data},
  author = {Edwards, A M and Robinson, J P W and Plank, M J and Baum, J K and Blanchard, J L},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {57--67},
  doi = {10.1111/2041-210X.12641},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Justin\\Documents\\Mendeley Desktop\\Edwards et al. - 2016 - Testing and recommending methods for fitting size spectra to data.pdf}
}

@misc{Edwards2020,
  title = {{{sizeSpectra}}: {{R}} Package for Fitting Size Spectra to Ecological Data (Including Binned Data).},
  author = {Edwards, A M},
  year = {2020}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for Edwards2020:
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@article{edwards2020,
  title = {Accounting for the Bin Structure of Data Removes Bias When Fitting Size Spectra},
  author = {Edwards, A M and Robinson, J P W and Blanchard, J L and Baum, J K and Plank, M J},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
  volume = {636},
  pages = {19--33},
  issn = {0171-8630, 1616-1599},
  doi = {10.3354/meps13230},
  urldate = {2020-08-26},
  abstract = {Size spectra are recommended tools for detecting the response of marine communities to fishing or to management measures. A size spectrum succinctly describes how a property, such as abundance or biomass, varies with body size in a community. Required data are often collected in binned form, such as numbers of individuals in 1 cm length bins. Numerous methods have been employed to fit size spectra, but most give biased estimates when tested on simulated data, and none account for the data's bin structure (breakpoints of bins). Here, we used 8 methods to fit an annual size-spectrum exponent, b, to an example data set (30 yr of the North Sea International Bottom Trawl Survey). The methods gave conflicting conclusions regarding b declining (the size spectrum steepening) through time, and so any resulting advice to ecosystem managers will be highly dependent upon the method used. Using simulated data, we showed that ignoring the bin structure gives biased estimates of b, even for high-resolution data. However, our extended likelihood method, which explicitly accounts for the bin structure, accurately estimated b and its confidence intervals, even for coarsely collected data. We developed a novel visualisation method that accounts for the bin structure and associated uncertainty, provide recommendations concerning different data types and have created an R package (sizeSpectra) to reproduce all results and encourage use of our methods. This work is also relevant to wider applications where a power-law distribution (the underlying distribution for a size spectrum) is fitted to binned data.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\7KFYHDA8\\edwards2020-me.pdf}
}
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@article{enquist2001,
  title = {Invariant Scaling Relations across Tree-Dominated Communities},
  author = {Enquist, Brian J. and Niklas, Karl J.},
  year = {2001},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {410},
  number = {6829},
  pages = {655--660},
  publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}},
  issn = {1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/35070500},
  urldate = {2023-01-07},
  abstract = {Organizing principles are needed to link organismal, community and ecosystem attributes across spatial and temporal scales. Here we extend allometric theory\textemdash how attributes of organisms change with variation in their size\textemdash and test its predictions against worldwide data sets for forest communities by quantifying the relationships among tree size\textendash frequency distributions, standing biomass, species number and number of individuals per unit area. As predicted, except for the highest latitudes, the number of individuals scales as the -2 power of basal stem diameter or as the -3/4 power of above-ground biomass. Also as predicted, this scaling relationship varies little with species diversity, total standing biomass, latitude and geographic sampling area. A simulation model in which individuals allocate biomass to leaf, stem and reproduction, and compete for space and light obtains features identical to those of a community. In tandem with allometric theory, our results indicate that many macroecological features of communities may emerge from a few allometric principles operating at the level of the individual.},
  copyright = {2001 Macmillan Magazines Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Humanities and Social Sciences,multidisciplinary,Science}
}
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@article{ernest2005,
  title = {Body {{Size}}, {{Energy Use}}, and {{Community Structure}} of {{Small Mammals}}},
  author = {Ernest, S. K. Morgan},
  year = {2005},
  journal = {Ecology},
  volume = {86},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1407--1413},
  issn = {1939-9170},
  doi = {10.1890/03-3179},
  urldate = {2023-01-07},
  abstract = {Body size has long been hypothesized to play a major role in community structure and dynamics. Two general hypotheses exist for how resources are distributed among body sizes: (1) resources are equally available and uniformly utilized across body sizes and (2) resources are differentially available to organisms of different body sizes, resulting in a nonuniform or modal distribution. It has also been predicted that the distribution of body sizes of species in a community should reflect the underlying availability of resources, with the emergence of aggregations of species around specific body sizes. I examined the relationship between energy utilization, body size, and community structure in nine small-mammal communities in North America. In all communities, energy use across body sizes was significantly different from uniform. In contrast, none of the nine species-level body size distributions were significantly different from uniform. Cross-site comparisons showed that, while the species-level body size distribution did not vary significantly among sites, the utilization of energy across body sizes did. These results suggest that uniform energy utilization does not occur in small-mammal communities and that the species-level body size distribution of a community is not determined by resource utilization.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {body size distribution,body size\textendash energy distribution,community structure,energetic equivalence rule,macroecology,small mammals},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\CIG8XNJI\\Ernest - 2005 - Body Size, Energy Use, and Community Structure of .pdf;C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\UVIYD72C\\03-3179.html}
}
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@article{evans2022,
  title = {Size Spectra Analysis of a Decade of {{Laurentian Great Lakes}} Data},
  author = {Evans, Thomas M. and Feiner, Zachary S. and Rudstam, Lars G. and Mason, Doran M. and Watkins, James M. and Reavie, Euan D. and Scofield, Anne E. and Burlakova, Lyubov E. and Karatayev, Alexander Y. and Sprules, W. Gary},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
  volume = {79},
  number = {1},
  pages = {183--194},
  publisher = {{NRC Research Press}},
  issn = {0706-652X},
  doi = {10.1139/cjfas-2020-0144},
  urldate = {2023-01-07},
  abstract = {Size spectra analysis (SSA) is used to detect changes in food webs by simplifying complex community structures through abundance-versus-biomass considerations. We applied SSA to 10 years (2006\textendash 2015) of data on Great Lakes organisms ranging in size from picoplankton to macrozooplankton. Summer pelagic size spectra slopes were near the theoretical value of -1.0, but spring slopes were steeper, reflecting seasonal differences in abundance of small and large individuals. Pelagic size spectra slopes were relatively stable over the time period we examined. Height (the predicted number of organisms at the spectra midpoint) varied among lakes and was slightly higher in summer than spring in more productive basins. Including benthic data led to shallower slopes when combined with pelagic data, suggesting benthic organisms may increase food web efficiency; height was less affected by benthic data. Benthic data are not routinely included in SSA, but our results suggest they affect slopes and therefore SSA-based predictions of fish abundance. The ability of SSA to track changes in trophic energy transfer makes it a valuable ecosystem monitoring tool.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\K4I3SA5D\\Evans et al. - 2022 - Size spectra analysis of a decade of Laurentian Gr.pdf}
}
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@article{Evans2022,
  title = {Size Spectra Analysis of a Decade of {{Laurentian Great Lakes}} Data},
  author = {Evans, Thomas M. and Feiner, Zachary S. and Rudstam, Lars G. and Mason, Doran M. and Watkins, James M. and Reavie, Euan D. and Scofield, Anne E. and Burlakova, Lyubov E. and Karatayev, Alexander Y. and Sprules, W. Gary},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
  volume = {79},
  number = {1},
  pages = {183--194},
  publisher = {{NRC Research Press}},
  issn = {0706-652X},
  doi = {10.1139/cjfas-2020-0144},
  urldate = {2023-01-11},
  abstract = {Size spectra analysis (SSA) is used to detect changes in food webs by simplifying complex community structures through abundance-versus-biomass considerations. We applied SSA to 10 years (2006\textendash 2015) of data on Great Lakes organisms ranging in size from picoplankton to macrozooplankton. Summer pelagic size spectra slopes were near the theoretical value of -1.0, but spring slopes were steeper, reflecting seasonal differences in abundance of small and large individuals. Pelagic size spectra slopes were relatively stable over the time period we examined. Height (the predicted number of organisms at the spectra midpoint) varied among lakes and was slightly higher in summer than spring in more productive basins. Including benthic data led to shallower slopes when combined with pelagic data, suggesting benthic organisms may increase food web efficiency; height was less affected by benthic data. Benthic data are not routinely included in SSA, but our results suggest they affect slopes and therefore SSA-based predictions of fish abundance. The ability of SSA to track changes in trophic energy transfer makes it a valuable ecosystem monitoring tool.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\M2AM8NUD\\Evans et al. - 2022 - Size spectra analysis of a decade of Laurentian Gr.pdf}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for Evans2022:
% ? unused Journal abbreviation ("Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.")
% ? unused Library catalog ("cdnsciencepub.com (Atypon)")
% ? unused Url ("https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjfas-2020-0144")

@article{Fraley2018,
  title = {Responsiveness of Fish Mass\textendash Abundance Relationships and Trophic Metrics to Flood Disturbance, Stream Size, Land Cover and Predator Taxa Presence in Headwater Streams},
  author = {Fraley, Kevin M. and Warburton, Helen J. and Jellyman, Phillip G. and Kelly, Dave and McIntosh, Angus R.},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Ecology of Freshwater Fish},
  volume = {27},
  number = {4},
  pages = {999--1014},
  issn = {1600-0633},
  doi = {10.1111/eff.12410},
  urldate = {2021-02-09},
  abstract = {Characterisation of food webs, by summarising energy transfer and trophic relationships, allows more functional measurement of ecosystems and may reveal threats (e.g., land-cover change) in sensitive environments that are not obvious from conventional biomonitoring. However, typical methods used to achieve this are time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, we tested the usefulness of fish-focused food-web proxies as functional measures, specifically mass\textendash abundance relationships of fish assemblages and stable isotope (SI)-derived metrics in headwater stream reaches. These metrics have been trialled before for similar use in other settings, but have yielded varying results, and have not been employed in tandem in temperate freshwaters. Sampling reaches (N = 46) were spread across a variety of streams, and the effects of habitat predictors at multiple scales on metrics were assessed using model selection. We found that habitat size positively correlated with food-chain lengths in streams, possibly because of increased abundance of fish at multiple trophic levels in habitats with more space. Additionally, flood disturbance was negatively associated with fish mass\textendash abundance and carbon range, likely due to the harshness of flood-prone streams. Riparian land-cover variables were correlated with multiple metrics, indicating the importance of terrestrial\textendash aquatic linkages. Additionally, variations in all metrics were influenced by the presence of native, predatory longfin eels. Overall, we conclude that mass\textendash abundance relationships and SI-derived metrics are sensitive to drivers of trophic organisation and likely reflect processes occurring at multiple spatial scales in freshwaters. Thus, these metrics could be an insightful monitoring tool for managers because they reflect functional measures of aquatic ecosystems.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {fish assemblages,habitat relationships,trophic relationships},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\GHRCFV43\\Fraley et al. - 2018 - Responsiveness of fish mass–abundance relationship.pdf;C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\TY68WVEZ\\eff.html}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for Fraley2018:
% ? unused DOI ("https://doi.org/10.1111/eff.12410")
% ? unused extra: _eprint ("https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/eff.12410")
% ? unused Library catalog ("Wiley Online Library")
% ? unused Url ("https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/eff.12410")

@article{Gaedke2004,
  title = {{Biomass Size Spectra and Plankton Diversity in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake}},
  author = {Gaedke, Ursula and Seifried, Angelika and Adrian, Rita},
  year = {2004},
  journal = {International Review of Hydrobiology},
  volume = {89},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--20},
  issn = {1522-2632},
  doi = {10.1002/iroh.200310661},
  urldate = {2023-07-24},
  abstract = {Biomass size spectra collate structural and functional attributes of plankton communities enabling standardised temporal and cross-system comparisons and may be rapidly obtained by automated particle counters. To examine how differences in plankton communities from highly eutrophic and more oligotrophic lakes are reflected in size spectra, a three-year time series of biomass size spectra was established for polymictic, eutrophic Lake M\"uggelsee, based on approximately weekly sampling and microscopic enumeration. The continuous but often bumpy size spectra reflected appropriately the seasonal and trophy-related variations in the plankton composition and growth conditions and the potential impact of daphnids on smaller plankton. We tested the hypothesis that more diverse plankton communities have smoother size spectra than impoverished ones. The spectra of Lake M\"uggelsee and other more or less eutrophic lakes covaried roughly with the functional diversity in total plankton composition but were unrelated to taxonomical diversity within the phyto- or mesozooplankton. The slopes of the normalised size spectra of Lake M\"uggelsee were generally more negative than \textendash 1, exhibited a recurrent seasonal pattern and were strongly correlated with crustacean biomass. In contrast to less eutrophic systems, slopes could not be used to quantify energy fluxes within the food web due to highly variable algal P/B ratios and frequently bumpy size distributions. The latter indicated stronger deviations from the ideal concept of a steady energy flow along the size gradient than found in e.g. large, mesotrophic Lake Constance. (\textcopyright{} 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH \& Co. KGaA, Weinheim)},
  copyright = {Copyright \textcopyright{} 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH \& Co. KGaA, Weinheim},
  langid = {ngerman},
  keywords = {biomass size distribution,diversity,eutrophic lake,plankton composition,trophic transfer efficiency},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\5AD7GZF8\\Gaedke et al. - 2004 - Biomass Size Spectra and Plankton Diversity in a S.pdf;C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\VFPMES7I\\iroh.html}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for Gaedke2004:
% ? Title looks like it was stored in title-case in Zotero
% ? unused extra: _eprint ("https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/iroh.200310661")
% ? unused Library catalog ("Wiley Online Library")
% ? unused Url ("https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/iroh.200310661")

@article{Jennings2002,
  title = {Use of Size-Based Production and Stable Isotope Analyses to Predict Trophic Transfer Efficiencies and Predator-Prey Body Mass Ratios in Food Webs},
  author = {Jennings, Simon and Warr, Karema J and Mackinson, Steve},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},
  volume = {240},
  pages = {11--20},
  keywords = {body size,food web,production,stable isotope analysis,transfer efficiency},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Justin\\Documents\\Mendeley Desktop\\Jennings, Warr, Mackinson - 2002 - Use of size-based production and stable isotope analyses to predict trophic transfer efficiencies and.pdf}
}

@article{jennings2004,
  title = {Fish Abundance with No Fishing: Predictions Based on Macroecological Theory},
  author = {Jennings, Simon and Blanchard, Julia L},
  year = {2004},
  journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
  volume = {73},
  pages = {632--642},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Justin\\Documents\\Mendeley Desktop\\Jennings, Blanchard - 2004 - Fish abundance with no fishing predictions based on macroecological theory.pdf}
}

@article{martinez2016,
  title = {Land Use Change Affects Macroinvertebrate Community Size Spectrum in Streams: The Case of {{Pinus}} Radiata Plantations},
  author = {Mart{\'i}nez, Aingeru and Larra{\~n}aga, Aitor and Migu{\'e}lez, Andrea and {Yvon-Durocher}, Gabriel and Pozo, Jes{\'u}s},
  year = {2016},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Freshwater Biology},
  volume = {61},
  number = {1},
  pages = {69--79},
  issn = {1365-2427},
  doi = {10.1111/fwb.12680},
  keywords = {benthic invertebrates,body size,forested streams,pine plantations,resource alteration}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for martinez2016:
% ? unused Url ("http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12680")

@article{Maxwell2006,
  title = {Predicting Abundance\textendash Body Size Relationships in Functional and Taxonomic Subsets of Food Webs},
  author = {Maxwell, T. A. D. and Jennings, S.},
  year = {2006},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Oecologia},
  volume = {150},
  number = {2},
  pages = {282--290},
  issn = {1432-1939},
  doi = {10.1007/s00442-006-0520-2},
  urldate = {2023-07-24},
  abstract = {Abundance\textendash body size relationships are widely observed macroecological patterns in complete food webs and in taxonomically or functionally defined subsets of those webs. Observed abundance\textendash body size relationships have frequently been compared with predictions based on the energetic equivalence hypothesis and, more recently, with predictions based on energy availability to different body size classes. Here, we consider the ways in which working with taxonomically or functionally defined subsets of food webs affected the relationship between the predicted and observed scaling of biomass and body mass in sediment dwelling benthic invertebrate communities at three sites in the North Sea. At each site, the energy available to body size classes in the ``whole'' community (community defined as all animals of 0.03125\textendash 32.0~g shell-free wet weight) and in three subsets was predicted from estimates of trophic level based on nitrogen stable isotope analysis. The observed and predicted scalings of biomass and body size were not significantly different for the whole community, and reflected an increase in energy availability with body size. However, the results for subsets showed that energy availability could increase or decrease with body size, and that individuals in the subsets were likely to be competing with individuals outside the subsets for energy. We conclude that the study of abundance\textendash body mass relationships in functionally or taxonomically defined subsets of food webs is unlikely to provide an adequate test of the energetic equivalence hypothesis or other relationships between energy availability and scaling. To consistently and reliably interpret the results of these tests, it is necessary to know about energy availability as a function of body size both within and outside the subset considered.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Benthic invertebrates,Energetic equivalence,Size spectra,Stable isotope analysis,Trophic structure}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for Maxwell2006:
% ? unused Library catalog ("Springer Link")
% ? unused Url ("https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-006-0520-2")

@article{Mazurkiewicz2020,
  title = {Latitudinal Consistency of Biomass Size Spectra - Benthic Resilience despite Environmental, Taxonomic and Functional Trait Variability},
  author = {Mazurkiewicz, Miko{\l}aj and G{\'o}rska, Barbara and Renaud, Paul E. and {W{\l}odarska-Kowalczuk}, Maria},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {4164},
  issn = {2045-2322},
  doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-60889-4},
  urldate = {2020-04-27},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\4TLWJS7N\\Mazurkiewicz et al. - 2020 - Latitudinal consistency of biomass size spectra - .pdf}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for Mazurkiewicz2020:
% ? unused Journal abbreviation ("Sci Rep")
% ? unused Library catalog ("DOI.org (Crossref)")
% ? unused Url ("http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-60889-4")

@article{mcgarvey2018,
  title = {Seasonal Comparison of Community-Level Size-Spectra in Southern Coalfield Streams of {{West Virginia}} ({{USA}})},
  author = {McGarvey, Daniel J. and Kirk, Andrew J.},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Hydrobiologia},
  volume = {809},
  number = {1},
  pages = {65--77},
  issn = {0018-8158, 1573-5117},
  doi = {10.1007/s10750-017-3448-0},
  urldate = {2020-04-28},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\SZAJX23W\\McGarvey and Kirk - 2018 - Seasonal comparison of community-level size-spectr.pdf}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for mcgarvey2018:
% ? unused Library catalog ("DOI.org (Crossref)")
% ? unused Url ("http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10750-017-3448-0")

@article{Mehner2018,
  title = {Empirical Correspondence between Trophic Transfer Efficiency in Freshwater Food Webs and the Slope of Their Size Spectra},
  author = {Mehner, Thomas and Lischke, Betty and Scharnweber, Kristin and Attermeyer, Katrin and Brothers, Soren and Gaedke, Ursula and Hilt, Sabine and Brucet, Sandra},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Ecology},
  volume = {99},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1463--1472},
  issn = {1939-9170},
  doi = {10.1002/ecy.2347},
  urldate = {2023-07-24},
  abstract = {The density of organisms declines with size, because larger organisms need more energy than smaller ones and energetic losses occur when larger organisms feed on smaller ones. A potential expression of density-size distributions are Normalized Biomass Size Spectra (NBSS), which plot the logarithm of biomass independent of taxonomy within bins of logarithmic organismal size, divided by the bin width. Theoretically, the NBSS slope of multi-trophic communities is exactly -1.0 if the trophic transfer efficiency (TTE, ratio of production rates between adjacent trophic levels) is 10\% and the predator-prey mass ratio (PPMR) is fixed at 104. Here we provide evidence from four multi-trophic lake food webs that empirically estimated TTEs correspond to empirically estimated slopes of the respective community NBSS. Each of the NBSS considered pelagic and benthic organisms spanning size ranges from bacteria to fish, all sampled over three seasons in 1 yr. The four NBSS slopes were significantly steeper than -1.0 (range -1.14 to -1.19, with 95\% CIs excluding -1). The corresponding average TTEs were substantially lower than 10\% in each of the four food webs (range 1.0\% to 3.6\%, mean 1.85\%). The overall slope merging all biomass-size data pairs from the four systems (-1.17) was almost identical to the slope predicted from the arithmetic mean TTE of the four food webs (-1.18) assuming a constant PPMR of 104. Accordingly, our empirical data confirm the theoretically predicted quantitative relationship between TTE and the slope of the biomass-size distribution. Furthermore, we show that benthic and pelagic organisms can be merged into a community NBSS, but future studies have yet to explore potential differences in habitat-specific TTEs and PPMRs. We suggest that community NBSS may provide valuable information on the structure of food webs and their energetic pathways, and can result in improved accuracy of TTE-estimates.},
  copyright = {\textcopyright{} 2018 by the Ecological Society of America},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {energetic equivalence rule,metabolic theory of ecology,multi-trophic communities,normalized biomass size spectra,pelagic and benthic lake habitats,size of organisms},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\KTDD3SHI\\Mehner et al. - 2018 - Empirical correspondence between trophic transfer .pdf;C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\UUXHCVV7\\ecy.html}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for Mehner2018:
% ? unused extra: _eprint ("https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ecy.2347")
% ? unused Library catalog ("Wiley Online Library")
% ? unused Url ("https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ecy.2347")

@article{Nee1991,
  title = {The Relationship between Abundance and Body Size in {{British}} Birds},
  author = {Nee, Sean and Read, Andrew F. and Greenwood, Jeremy J. D. and Harvey, Paul H.},
  year = {1991},
  month = may,
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {351},
  number = {6324},
  pages = {312--313},
  publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}},
  issn = {1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/351312a0},
  urldate = {2023-02-23},
  abstract = {THE relationship between abundance and body size is the subject of considerable debate in ecology1\textendash 15. Several data sets spanning a large range of body sizes show linear negative relationships between abundance and weight l\textendash 6 when these are measured on a logarithmic scale. But other studies of the abundances of species from single taxa, such as birds, which span a narrower range of body sizes reveal either little or no relationship, or a triangular relationship 9\textendash 15. Errors in estimating abundance might obscure relationships that do exist over a narrow range of body sizes. We describe here the relationship between body weight and abundance in British birds, whose population size estimates are unusually good. Abundance across all species declines with a -0.75 power of body weight, which conforms with the energetic equivalence 'rule'2,16. There is, however, a significant positive relationship between abundance and body weight within lower taxa. Those tribes that do not share recent common ancestry with other British birds are most likely to show a positive relationship across their constituent species. We thus show that phylogenetic relatedness might be an important indicator of the structure of the relationship between body size and abundance.},
  copyright = {1991 Nature Publishing Group},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Humanities and Social Sciences,multidisciplinary,Science}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for Nee1991:
% ? unused Library catalog ("www.nature.com")
% ? unused Url ("https://www.nature.com/articles/351312a0")

@misc{NEON_Inverts2022,
  title = {Macroinvertebrate Collection ({{DP1}}.20120.001)},
  author = {{National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON)}},
  year = {2022},
  publisher = {{National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON)}},
  doi = {10.48443/GN8X-K322},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {abundance,aquatic,archived samples,benthic,BMI,community composition,diversity,invertebrates,lakes,macroinvertebrates,material samples,population,rivers,species composition,streams,taxonomy,wadeable streams}
}

@article{ogorman2017,
  title = {Unexpected Changes in Community Size Structure in a Natural Warming Experiment},
  author = {{Eoin J. O'Gorman} and {Lei Zhao} and {Doris E. Pichler} and {Georgina Adams} and {Nikolai Friberg} and {Bjorn R. Rall} and {Alex Seeney} and {Huayong Zhang} and {Daniel C. Reuman} and {Guy Woodward}},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Nature Climate Change},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {659--663},
  doi = {10.1038/nclimate3368}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for ogorman2017:
% ? unused DOI ("https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3368")

@article{pawar2012,
  title = {Dimensionality of Consumer Search Space Drives Trophic Interaction Strengths},
  author = {Pawar, Samraat and Dell, Anthony I. and Savage, Van M},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {486},
  number = {7404},
  pages = {485--489},
  publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}},
  issn = {0028-0836},
  doi = {10.1038/nature11131},
  abstract = {Trophic interactions govern biomass fluxes in ecosystems, and stability in food webs. Knowledge of how trophic interaction strengths are affected by differences among habitats is crucial for understanding variation in ecological systems. Here we show how substantial variation in consumption-rate data, and hence trophic interaction strengths, arises because consumers tend to encounter resources more frequently in three dimensions (3D) (for example, arboreal and pelagic zones) than two dimensions (2D) (for example, terrestrial and benthic zones). By combining new theory with extensive data (376 species, with body masses ranging from 5.24 \texttimes{} 10(-14) kg to 800 kg), we find that consumption rates scale sublinearly with consumer body mass (exponent of approximately 0.85) for 2D interactions, but superlinearly (exponent of approximately 1.06) for 3D interactions. These results contradict the currently widespread assumption of a single exponent (of approximately 0.75) in consumer-resource and food-web research. Further analysis of 2,929 consumer-resource interactions shows that dimensionality of consumer search space is probably a major driver of species coexistence, and the stability and abundance of populations.},
  arxiv = {NIHMS150003},
  isbn = {0028-0836},
  pmid = {22722834},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Justin\\Documents\\Mendeley Desktop\\Pawar, Dell, Van M. Savage - 2012 - Dimensionality of consumer search space drives trophic interaction strengths.pdf}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for pawar2012:
% ? unused Url ("http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature11131")

@article{perkins2018,
  title = {Bending the Rules: Exploitation of Allochthonous Resources by a Top-Predator Modifies Size-Abundance Scaling in Stream Food Webs},
  shorttitle = {Bending the Rules},
  author = {Perkins, Daniel M. and Durance, Isabelle and Edwards, Francois K. and Grey, Jonathan and Hildrew, Alan G. and Jackson, Michelle and Jones, J. Iwan and Lauridsen, Rasmus B. and {Layer-Dobra}, Katrin and Thompson, Murray S. A. and Woodward, Guy},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Ecology Letters},
  issn = {1461-0248},
  doi = {10.1111/ele.13147},
  abstract = {Body mass-abundance (M-N) allometries provide a key measure of community structure, and deviations from scaling predictions could reveal how cross-ecosystem subsidies alter food webs. For 31 streams across the UK, we tested the hypothesis that linear log-log M-N scaling is shallower than that predicted by allometric scaling theory when top predators have access to allochthonous prey. These streams all contained a common and widespread top predator (brown trout) that regularly feeds on terrestrial prey and, as hypothesised, deviations from predicted scaling increased with its dominance of the fish assemblage. Our study identifies a key beneficiary of cross-ecosystem subsidies at the top of stream food webs and elucidates how these inputs can reshape the size-structure of these 'open' systems.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {30257275},
  keywords = {Allometric scaling,body size,brown trout,energetic subsidies,food webs,metabolic theory,stable isotopes,streams}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for perkins2018:
% ? unused Journal abbreviation ("Ecol. Lett.")
% ? unused Library catalog ("PubMed")

@article{perkins2019a,
  title = {Energetic Equivalence Underpins the Size Structure of Tree and Phytoplankton Communities},
  author = {Perkins, Daniel M. and Perna, Andrea and Adrian, Rita and Cerme{\~n}o, Pedro and Gaedke, Ursula and {Huete-Ortega}, Maria and White, Ethan P. and {Yvon-Durocher}, Gabriel},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {255},
  publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}},
  issn = {2041-1723},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-018-08039-3},
  urldate = {2023-01-07},
  abstract = {The size structure of autotroph communities \textendash{} the relative abundance of small vs. large individuals \textendash{} shapes the functioning of ecosystems. Whether common mechanisms underpin the size structure of unicellular and multicellular autotrophs is, however, unknown. Using a global data compilation, we show that individual body masses in tree and phytoplankton communities follow power-law distributions and that the average exponents of these individual size distributions (ISD) differ. Phytoplankton communities are characterized by an average ISD exponent consistent with three-quarter-power scaling of metabolism with body mass and equivalence in energy use among mass classes. Tree communities deviate from this pattern in a manner consistent with equivalence in energy use among diameter size classes. Our findings suggest that whilst universal metabolic constraints ultimately underlie the emergent size structure of autotroph communities, divergent aspects of body size (volumetric vs. linear dimensions) shape the ecological outcome of metabolic scaling in forest vs. pelagic ecosystems.},
  copyright = {2019 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Ecology,Macroecology},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\HRR58836\\Perkins et al. - 2019 - Energetic equivalence underpins the size structure.pdf}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for perkins2019a:
% ? unused Journal abbreviation ("Nat Commun")
% ? unused Library catalog ("www.nature.com")
% ? unused Url ("https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-08039-3")

@article{Perkins2021,
  title = {Systematic Variation in Food Web Body-Size Structure Linked to External Subsidies},
  author = {Perkins, Daniel M. and Durance, Isabelle and Jackson, Michelle and Jones, J. Iwan and Lauridsen, Rasmus B. and {Layer-Dobra}, Katrin and Reiss, Julia and Thompson, Murray S. A. and Woodward, Guy},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Biology Letters},
  volume = {17},
  number = {3},
  pages = {20200798},
  publisher = {{Royal Society}},
  doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2020.0798},
  urldate = {2023-07-24},
  abstract = {The relationship between body mass (M) and size class abundance (N) depicts patterns of community structure and energy flow through food webs. While the general assumption is that M and N scale linearly (on log\textendash log axes), nonlinearity is regularly observed in natural systems, and is theorized to be driven by nonlinear scaling of trophic level (TL) with M resulting in the rapid transfer of energy to consumers in certain size classes. We tested this hypothesis with data from 31 stream food webs. We predicted that allochthonous subsidies higher in the web results in nonlinear M\textendash TL relationships and systematic abundance peaks in macroinvertebrate and fish size classes (latter containing salmonids), that exploit terrestrial plant material and terrestrial invertebrates, respectively. Indeed, both M\textendash N and M\textendash TL significantly deviated from linear relationships and the observed curvature in M\textendash TL scaling was inversely related to that observed in M\textendash N relationships. Systemic peaks in M\textendash N, and troughs in M\textendash TL occurred in size classes dominated by generalist invertebrates, and brown trout. Our study reveals how allochthonous resources entering high in the web systematically shape community size structure and demonstrates the relevance of a generalized metabolic scaling model for understanding patterns of energy transfer in energetically `open' food webs.},
  keywords = {allometric scaling,body size,food webs,secondary structure,stable~isotopes,streams},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\BPIC7V84\\Perkins et al. - 2021 - Systematic variation in food web body-size structu.pdf}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for Perkins2021:
% ? unused Library catalog ("royalsocietypublishing.org (Atypon)")
% ? unused Url ("https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0798")

@article{Petchey2010,
  title = {Body-Size Distributions and Size-Spectra: Universal Indicators of Ecological Status?},
  author = {Petchey, Owen L and Belgrano, Andrea},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Biology Letters},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {434--437},
  doi = {10.1098/rsbl.2010.0240},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Justin\\Documents\\Mendeley Desktop\\Petchey, Belgrano - 2010 - Body-size distributions and size-spectra universal indicators of ecological status(2).pdf}
}

@article{pomeranz2019,
  title = {Anthropogenic Mining Alters Macroinvertebrate Size Spectra in Streams},
  author = {Pomeranz, Justin P. F. and Warburton, Helen J. and Harding, Jon S.},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Freshwater Biology},
  volume = {64},
  number = {1},
  pages = {81--92},
  issn = {0046-5070},
  doi = {10.1111/fwb.13196},
  urldate = {2019-04-23},
  abstract = {Abstract Food web properties can be used in bioassessment as indicators of ecosystem stress, although logistical constraints restrict their widespread use. Size spectra (body mass?abundance relationships) are easier to produce, still incorporate much of the variation in feeding interactions and indicate the strength of the energy transfer efficiency. Here we examined the effect of acid mine drainage on the size spectra of stream macroinvertebrate communities in 25 New Zealand streams with a comparative survey. We predicted that the largest organisms would be most susceptible to acid mine drainage, leading to a reduction in their abundances and associated decrease in the range of body sizes present across the gradient, as well as a reduction in total community abundance. The largest organisms were more sensitive to inputs of acid mine drainage and were absent at the most affected sites. Surprisingly, the smallest body sizes were also removed by acid mine drainage. This led to a reduction of up to two orders of magnitude in the range of body sizes present in mine impacted sites. Total community abundance decreased along the impact gradient. The changes in size spectra were also associated with changes in the proportion of functional feeding groups, suggesting concomitant changes in food web structure. Specifically, communities became dominated by collector browsers and small bodied predators across the gradient. The simplification of the food web structure suggests that communities may be dominated by a few strong energy pathways, lowering their functionality and stability. However, the loss of large bodied predators also reduces top down pressure, probably increasing community stability. Further research is needed to elucidate the cumulative effects of these interacting processes.},
  keywords = {abundance size spectra,bioassessment,body-size distribution,community response,ecological indicators,human impacts}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for pomeranz2019:
% ? unused Url ("https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13196")

@misc{Pomeranz2019,
  title = {Data from: {{Anthropogenic}} Mining Alters Macroinvertebrate Size Spectra in Streams},
  shorttitle = {Data From},
  author = {Pomeranz, Justin P. F. and Warburton, Helen J. and Harding, Jon S.},
  year = {2019},
  pages = {586358 bytes},
  publisher = {{Dryad}},
  doi = {10.5061/DRYAD.V6G985S},
  urldate = {2023-01-07},
  abstract = {1. Food web properties can to be used in bioassessment as indicators of ecosystem stress, although logistical constraints restrict their widespread use. Size spectra (body mass \textendash{} abundance relationships) are easier to produce, still incorporate much of the variation in feeding interactions and indicate the strength of the energy transfer efficiency. 2. Here we examined the effect of acid mine drainage on the size spectra of stream macroinvertebrate communities in 25 New-Zealand streams with a comparative survey. We predicted that the largest sized organisms would be most susceptible to acid mine drainage, leading to a reduction in their abundances and associated decrease in the range of body sizes present across the gradient, as well as a reduction in total community abundance. 3. The largest sized organisms were more sensitive to inputs of acid mine drainage, and were absent at the most affected sites. Surprisingly, the smallest body sizes were also removed by acid mine drainage. This led to a reduction of up to two orders of magnitude in the range of body sizes present in mine impacted sites. Total community abundance decreased along the impact gradient. 4. The changes in size spectra were also associated with changes in the proportion of functional feeding groups, suggesting concomitant changes in food web structure. Specifically communities became dominated by collector browsers and small bodied predators across the gradient. The simplification of the food web structure suggests that communities may be dominated by a few strong energy pathways, lowering their functionality and stability. However, the loss of large bodied predators also reduces top down pressure, likely increasing community stability. Further research is needed to elucidate the cumulative effects of these interacting processes.},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Abundance size spectra,bioassessment,Body-size distribution,community response,ecological indicators}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for Pomeranz2019:
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% ? unused Url ("http://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.v6g985s")
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@article{pomeranz2022,
  title = {Individual Size Distributions across {{North American}} Streams Vary with Local Temperature},
  author = {Pomeranz, Justin P. F. and Junker, James R. and Wesner, Jeff S.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {28},
  number = {3},
  pages = {848--858},
  issn = {1365-2486},
  doi = {10.1111/gcb.15862},
  urldate = {2022-01-05},
  abstract = {Parameters describing the negative relationship between abundance and body size within ecological communities provide a summary of many important biological processes. While it is considered to be one of the few consistent patterns in ecology, spatiotemporal variation of this relationship across continental scale temperature gradients is unknown. Using a database of stream communities collected across North America (18\textendash 68\textdegree N latitude, -4 to 25\textdegree C mean annual air temperature) over 3 years, we constructed 160 individual size distribution (ISD) relationships (i.e. abundance size spectra). The exponent parameter describing ISD's decreased (became steeper) with increasing mean annual temperature, with median slopes varying by 0.2 units across the 29\textdegree C temperature gradient. In addition, total community biomass increased with increasing temperatures, contrary with theoretical predictions. Our study suggests conservation of ISD relationships in streams across broad natural environmental gradients. This supports the emerging use of size-spectra deviations as indicators of fundamental changes to the structure and function of ecological communities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {abundance size spectra,allometric scaling,biogeography,body size,bounded power law,community structure,freshwater ecology,individual size distributions,macroecology,macroinvertebrates},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\59X5BN79\\gcb.html}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for pomeranz2022:
% ? unused extra: _eprint ("https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.15862")
% ? unused Library catalog ("Wiley Online Library")
% ? unused Url ("https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.15862")

@article{Sheldon1972,
  title = {The {{Population Density}} of {{Monsters}} in {{Loch Ness1}}},
  author = {Sheldon, R. W. and Kerr, S. R.},
  year = {1972},
  journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
  volume = {17},
  number = {5},
  pages = {796--798},
  issn = {1939-5590},
  doi = {10.4319/lo.1972.17.5.0796},
  urldate = {2023-01-11},
  langid = {english},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\DFIA4RTZ\\Sheldon and Kerr - 1972 - The Population Density of Monsters in Loch Ness1.pdf;C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\LNB4BJTD\\lo.1972.17.5.html}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for Sheldon1972:
% ? Title looks like it was stored in title-case in Zotero
% ? unused extra: _eprint ("https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.4319/lo.1972.17.5.0796")
% ? unused Library catalog ("Wiley Online Library")
% ? unused Url ("https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.4319/lo.1972.17.5.0796")

@article{sprules1986,
  title = {Plankton {{Size Spectra}} in {{Relation}} to {{Ecosystem Productivity}}, {{Size}}, and {{Perturbation}}},
  author = {Sprules, W G and Munawar, M.},
  year = {1986},
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
  volume = {43},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1789--1794},
  issn = {0706-652X},
  doi = {10.1139/f86-222},
  urldate = {2020-04-30},
  abstract = {Quantification and comparisons of the structure of open-water plankton communities from 25 inland lakes of Ontario, from the Laurentian Great Lakes Superior, Huron, St. Clair, Ontario, and Erie, and from the Central Gyre in the North Pacific Ocean were made on the basis of the normalized biomass size spectrum. Residual variation around the fitted straight lines (corresponding to a theoretical steady state) was least for the large, oligotrophic Lake Superior and the North Pacific Gyre and greatest for eutrophic Saginaw Bay and shallow Lake Erie, suggesting progressive departure from steady-state conditions with increasing system productivity. The slopes of the normalized spectra decrease with increasing eutrophy, indicating that nannoplankton abundances are similar in all communities studied, but that associated zooplankton abundances vary by 2.5 orders of magnitude. Our results suggest that parameterization of particle-size models for prediction of potential fish production must be adjusted according to the size and productivity of the ecosystem, and that routine monitoring of communities by the normalized biomass spectrum could provide early warning of nutrient or toxic stress in aquatic ecosystems.},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\BA5STZJV\\Sprules and Munawar - 1986 - Plankton Size Spectra in Relation to Ecosystem Pro.pdf;C\:\\Users\\jfpom\\Zotero\\storage\\YHRAFQ2F\\f86-222.html}
}
% == BibTeX quality report for sprules1986:
% ? Title looks like it was stored in title-case in Zotero
% ? unused Journal abbreviation ("Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.")
% ? unused Library catalog ("nrcresearchpress.com (Atypon)")
% ? unused Url ("https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/f86-222")

@article{sprules2015,
  title = {Surfing the Biomass Size Spectrum: Some Remarks on History, Theory, and Application},
  author = {Sprules, W. Gary and Munawar, M.},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences},
  volume = {73},
  pages = {477--495},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Justin\\Documents\\Mendeley Desktop\\Sprules, Barth - 2015 - Surfing the biomass size spectrum some remarks on history , theory , and application 1.pdf}
}

@article{White2007,
  title = {Relationships between Body Size and Abundance in Ecology},
  author = {White, Ethan P. and Ernest, S. K Morgan and Kerkhoff, Andrew J. and Enquist, Brian J.},
  year = {2007},
  journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
  volume = {22},
  number = {6},
  pages = {323--330},
  issn = {01695347},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2007.03.007},
  abstract = {Body size is perhaps the most fundamental property of an organism and is related to many biological traits, including abundance. The relationship between abundance and body size has been extensively studied in an attempt to quantify the form of the relationship and to understand the processes that generate it. However, progress has been impeded by the underappreciated fact that there are four distinct, but interrelated, relationships between size and abundance that are often confused in the literature. Here, we review and distinguish between these four patterns, and discuss the linkages between them. We argue that a synthetic understanding of size-abundance relationships will result from more detailed analyses of individual patterns and from careful consideration of how and why the patterns are related. \textcopyright{} 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  isbn = {0169-5347},
  pmid = {17399851},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Justin\\Documents\\Mendeley Desktop\\White et al. - 2007 - Relationships between body size and abundance in ecology.pdf;C\:\\Users\\Justin\\Documents\\Mendeley Desktop\\White et al. - 2007 - Relationships between body size and abundance in ecology(2).pdf}
}

@article{white2008,
  title = {On Estimating the Exponent of Power-Law Frequency Distributions},
  author = {White, Ethan P and Enquist, Brian J and Green, Jessica L},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {Ecology},
  volume = {89},
  number = {4},
  pages = {905--912},
  abstract = {7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Abstract: Power-law frequency distributions characterize a wide array of natural phenomena. In ecology, biology, and many physical and social sciences, the exponents of these power-laws are estimated to draw inference about the processes underlying the phenomenon, to test theoretical models, and to scale up from local observations to global patterns. Therefore, it is essential that these exponents be estimated accurately. Unfortunately, the binning-based methods traditionally utilized in ecology and other disciplines perform quite poorly. Here we discuss more sophisticated methods for fitting these exponents based on cumulative distribution functions and maximum likelihood estimation. We illustrate their superior performance at estimating known exponents and provide details on how and when ecologists should use them. Our results confirm that maximum likelihood estimation out-performs other methods in both accuracy and precision. Because of the use of biased statistical methods for estimating the exponent, the conclusions of several recently published papers should be revisited.},
  keywords = {binning,distribution,exponent,maximum likelihood estimation,parameter estimation,power-law}
}

@article{yvon-durocher2011,
  title = {Warming Alters the Size Spectrum and Shifts the Distribution of Biomass in Freshwater Ecosystems},
  author = {{Yvon-Durocher}, Gabriel and Montoya, Jos{\'e} M. and Trimmer, Mark and Woodward, Guy},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {17},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1681--1694},
  issn = {13541013},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02321.x},
  abstract = {Organism size is one of the key determinants of community structure, and its relationship with abundance can describe how biomass is partitioned among the biota within an ecosystem. An outdoor freshwater mesocosm experiment was used to determine how warming of ?4 1C would affect the size, biomass and taxonomic structure of planktonic communities. Warming increased the steepness of the community size spectrum by increasing the prevalence of small organisms, primarily within the phytoplankton assemblage and it also reduced the mean and maximum size of phytoplankton by approximately one order of magnitude. The observed shifts in phytoplankton size structure were reflected in changes in phytoplankton community composition, though zooplankton taxonomic composition was unaffected by warming. Furthermore, warming reduced community biomass and total phytoplank- ton biomass, although zooplankton biomass was unaffected. This resulted in an increase in the zooplankton to phytoplankton biomass ratio in the warmed mesocosms, which could be explained by faster turnover within the phytoplankton assemblages. Overall, warming shifted the distribution of phytoplankton size towards smaller individuals with rapid turnover and low standing biomass, resulting in a reorganization of the biomass structure of the food webs. These results indicate future environmental warming may have profound effects on the structure and functioning of aquatic communities and ecosystems.},
  isbn = {1354-1013},
  keywords = {Biomass,Body size,Food webs,Global warming,Mass-abundance relationships,Phytoplankton,Size spectra,Zooplankton},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\Justin\\Documents\\Mendeley Desktop\\Yvon-Durocher et al. - 2011 - Warming alters the size spectrum and shifts the distribution of biomass in freshwater ecosystems.pdf}
}


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