block.py

#  [ANDES] (C)2015-2021 Hantao Cui
#
#  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
#  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
#  (at your option) any later version.
#
#  File name: block.py
#  Last modified: 8/16/20, 7:28 PM

from typing import Optional, Iterable, Union, List, Tuple

from andes.core.var import Algeb, State
from andes.core.discrete import AntiWindup, LessThan, Selector, HardLimiter, AntiWindupRate, RateLimiter
from andes.core.discrete import DeadBand
from andes.core.service import EventFlag
from andes.core.common import JacTriplet
from andes.core.common import ModelFlags, dummify
from collections import OrderedDict
import numpy as np


class Block:
    r"""
    Base class for control blocks.

    Blocks are meant to be instantiated as Model attributes to provide pre-defined equation sets. Subclasses
    must overload the `__init__` method to take custom inputs.
    Subclasses of Block must overload the `define` method to provide initialization and equation strings.
    Exported variables, services and blocks must be constructed into a dictionary ``self.vars`` at the end of
    the constructor.

    Blocks can be nested. A block can have blocks but itself as attributes and therefore reuse equations. When a
    block has sub-blocks, the outer block must be constructed with a``name``.

    Nested block works in the following way: the parent block modifies the sub-block's ``name`` attribute by
    prepending the parent block's name at the construction phase. The parent block then exports the sub-block
    as a whole. When the parent Model class picks up the block, it will recursively import the variables in the
    block and the sub-blocks correctly. See the example section for details.

    Parameters
    ----------
    name : str, optional
        Block name
    tex_name : str, optional
        Block LaTeX name
    info : str, optional
        Block description.
    namespace : str, local or parent
        Namespace of the exported elements. If 'local', the block name will be prepended by the parent.
        If 'parent', the original element name will be used when exporting.

    Warnings
    --------
    It is a good practice to avoid more than one level of nesting, to avoid multi-underscore variable names.

    Examples
    --------
    Example for two-level nested blocks. Suppose we have the following hierarchy ::

        SomeModel  instance M
           |
        LeadLag A  exports (x, y)
           |
        Lag B      exports (x, y)

    SomeModel instance M contains an instance of LeadLag block named A, which contains an instance of a Lag block
    named B. Both A and B exports two variables ``x`` and ``y``.

    In the code of Model, the following code is used to instantiate LeadLag ::

        class SomeModel:
            def __init__(...)
                ...
                self.A = LeadLag(name='A',
                                 u=self.foo1,
                                 T1=self.foo2,
                                 T2=self.foo3)

    To use Lag in the LeadLag code, the following lines are found in the constructor of LeadLag ::

        class LeadLag:
            def __init__(name, ...)
                ...
                self.B = Lag(u=self.y, K=self.K, T=self.T)
                self.vars = {..., 'A': self.A}

    The ``__setattr__`` magic of LeadLag takes over the construction and assigns ``A_B`` to `B.name`,
    given A's name provided at run time. `self.A` is exported with the internal name ``A`` at the end.

    Again, the LeadLag instance name (`A` in this example) MUST be provided in `SomeModel`'s constructor for the
    name prepending to work correctly. If there is more than one level of nesting, other than the leaf-level
    block, all parent blocks' names must be provided at instantiation.

    When A is picked up by `SomeModel.__setattr__`, B is captured from A's exports. Recursively, B's variables
    are exported, Recall that `B.name` is now ``A_B``, following the naming rule (parent block's name + variable
    name), B's internal variables become ``A_B_x`` and ``A_B_y``.

    In this way, B's ``define()`` needs no modification since the naming rule is the same. For example,
    B's internal y is always ``{self.name}_y``, although B has gotten a new name ``A_B``.

    """

    def __init__(self, name: Optional[str] = None, tex_name: Optional[str] = None, info: Optional[str] = None,
                 namespace: str = 'local'):
        self.name = name
        self.tex_name = tex_name if tex_name else name
        self.info = info

        if namespace not in ('local', 'parent'):
            raise ValueError(f'Argument namespace must be `local` or `parent`, got {namespace}')

        self.namespace = namespace

        self.owner = None
        self.vars = OrderedDict()
        self.triplets = JacTriplet()
        self.flags = ModelFlags()  # f_num, g_num and j_num can be set

    def __setattr__(self, key, value):
        # handle sub-blocks by prepending self.name
        if isinstance(value, Block):
            if self.name is None:
                raise ValueError("Must specify `name` for %s instance "
                                 "because it contains a sub-block named <%s>." % (self.class_name, key))
            if not value.owner:
                value.__dict__['owner'] = self

            if value.namespace == 'local':
                prepend = self.name + '_'
                tex_prepend = self.tex_name + r'\ '
            else:
                prepend = ''
                tex_prepend = ''

            if not value.name:
                value.__dict__['name'] = prepend + key
            else:
                value.__dict__['name'] = prepend + value.name

            if not value.tex_name:
                value.__dict__['tex_name'] = tex_prepend + key
            else:
                value.__dict__['tex_name'] = f'{tex_prepend}{{{value.tex_name}}}'

        self.__dict__[key] = value

    def j_reset(self):
        """
        Helper function to clear the lists holding the numerical Jacobians.

        This function should be only called once at the beginning of ``j_numeric`` in blocks.
        """
        self.triplets.clear_ijv()

    def define(self):
        """
        Function for setting the initialization and equation strings for internal variables. This method must be
        implemented by subclasses.

        The equations should be written with the "final" variable names.
        Let's say the block instance is named `blk` (kept at ``self.name`` of the block), and an internal
        variable `v` is defined.
        The internal variable will be captured as ``blk_v`` by the parent model. Therefore, all equations should
        use ``{self.name}_v`` to represent variable ``v``, where ``{self.name}`` is the name of the block at
        run time.

        On the other hand, the names of externally provided parameters or variables are obtained by
        directly accessing the ``name`` attribute. For example, if ``self.T`` is a parameter provided through
        the block constructor, ``{self.T.name}`` should be used in the equation.

        Examples
        --------
        An internal variable ``v`` has a trivial equation ``T = v``, where T is a parameter provided to the block
        constructor.

        In the model, one has ::

            class SomeModel():
                def __init__(...)
                    self.input = Algeb()
                    self.T = Param()

                    self.blk = ExampleBlock(u=self.input, T=self.T)

        In the ExampleBlock function, the internal variable is defined in the constructor as ::

            class ExampleBlock():
                def __init__(...):
                    self.v = Algeb()
                    self.vars = {'v', self.v}

        In the ``define``, the equation is provided as ::

            def define(self):
                self.v.v_str = '{self.T.name}'
                self.v.e_str = '{self.T.name} - {self.name}_v'

        In the parent model, ``v`` from the block will be captured as ``blk_v``, and the equation will
        evaluate into ::

            self.blk_v.v_str = 'T'
            self.blk_v.e_str = 'T - blk_v'

        See Also
        --------
        PIController.define : Equations for the PI Controller block

        """
        raise NotImplementedError(f'define() method not implemented in {self.class_name}')

    def export(self):
        """
        Method for exporting instances defined in this class in a dictionary.

        This method calls the ``define`` method first and returns ``self.vars``.

        Returns
        -------
        dict
            Keys are the (last section of the) variable name, and the values are the attribute instance.
        """
        self.define()
        return self.vars

    def g_numeric(self, **kwargs):
        """
        Function call to update algebraic equation values.

        This function should modify the ``e`` value of block ``Algeb`` and ``ExtAlgeb`` in place.
        """
        pass

    def f_numeric(self, **kwargs):
        """
        Function call to update differential equation values.

        This function should modify the ``e`` value of block ``State`` and ``ExtState`` in place.
        """
        pass

    def j_numeric(self):
        """
        This function stores the constant and variable jacobian information in corresponding lists.

        Constant jacobians are stored by indices and values in, for example, `ifxc`, `jfxc` and `vfxc`.
        Value scalars or arrays are stored in `vfxc`.

        Variable jacobians are stored by indices and functions. The function shall return the value of the
        corresponding jacobian elements.
        """
        pass

    @property
    def class_name(self):
        """Return the class name."""
        return self.__class__.__name__

    @staticmethod
    def enforce_tex_name(fields):
        """
        Enforce tex_name is not None
        """
        if not isinstance(fields, Iterable):
            fields = [fields]

        for field in fields:
            if field.tex_name is None:
                raise NameError(f'tex_name for <{field.name}> cannot be None')

    def __repr__(self):
        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}: {self.owner.__class__.__name__}.{self.name}'


class PIController(Block):
    """
    Proportional Integral Controller.

    The controller takes an error signal as the input.
    It takes an optional `ref` signal, which will be subtracted from the input.


    Parameters
    ----------
    u : BaseVar
        The input variable instance
    kp : BaseParam
        The proportional gain parameter instance
    ki : [type]
        The integral gain parameter instance

    """

    def __init__(self, u, kp, ki, ref=0.0, x0=0.0, name=None, tex_name=None, info=None):
        Block.__init__(self, name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)

        self.u = dummify(u)
        self.kp = dummify(kp)
        self.ki = dummify(ki)
        self.ref = dummify(ref)
        self.x0 = dummify(x0)

        self.xi = State(info="Integrator output", tex_name='xi')
        self.y = Algeb(info="PI output", tex_name='y')

        self.vars = OrderedDict([('xi', self.xi), ('y', self.y)])

    def define(self):
        r"""
        Define equations for the PI Controller.

        Notes
        -----
        One state variable ``xi`` and one algebraic variable ``y`` are added.

        Equations implemented are

        .. math ::
            \dot{x_i} &= k_i * (u - ref) \\
            y &= x_i + k_p * (u - ref)
        """

        self.xi.v_str = f'{self.x0.name}'
        self.xi.e_str = f'{self.ki.name} * ({self.u.name} - {self.ref.name})'

        self.y.v_str = f'{self.kp.name} * ({self.u.name} - {self.ref.name}) + {self.x0.name}'
        self.y.e_str = f'{self.kp.name} * ({self.u.name} - {self.ref.name}) + ' \
                       f'{self.name}_xi - {self.name}_y'


class PIDController(PIController):
    r"""
    Proportional Integral Derivative Controller. ::

            ┌────────────────────┐
            │      ki     skd    │
       u -> │kp + ─── + ───────  │ -> y
            │      s    1 + sTd  │
            └────────────────────┘

    The controller takes an error signal as the input.
    It takes an optional ``ref`` signal, which will be subtracted from the input.

    The name is suggessted to be specified the same as the instance name.

    This block assembles a ``PIController`` and a ``Washout``.

    Parameters
    ----------
    u : BaseVar
        The input variable instance
    kp : BaseParam
        The proportional gain parameter instance
    ki : BaseParam
        The integral gain parameter instance
    kd : BaseParam
        The derivative gain parameter instance
    Td : BaseParam
        The derivative time constant parameter instance
    """

    def __init__(self, u, kp, ki, kd, Td, name, ref=0.0, x0=0.0, tex_name=None, info=None):

        PIController.__init__(self, u=u, kp=kp, ki=ki, ref=ref, x0=x0,
                              name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info,
                              )

        self.kd = dummify(kd)
        self.Td = dummify(Td)

        self.uin = Algeb(info="PID input", tex_name='uin')
        self.PIC = PIController(info="PIC", tex_name="PIC",
                                u=self.uin, kp=self.kp, ki=self.ki, x0=x0)
        self.WO = Washout(info='Washout', tex_name='WO',
                          u=self.uin, K=self.kd, T=self.kd)

        self.y = Algeb(info="PID output", tex_name='y')

        self.vars = OrderedDict([('uin', self.uin), ('PIC', self.PIC),
                                 ('WO', self.WO), ('y', self.y)])

    def define(self):
        r"""
        Define equations for the PID Controller.

        Notes
        -----
        One PIController ``PIC``, one Washout ``xd``, and one algebraic variable ``y`` are added.

        Equations implemented are

        .. math ::
            \dot{x_i} &= k_i * (u - ref) \\
            xd &= Washout(u - ref)
            y &= x_i + k_p * (u - ref) + xd
        """
        self.uin.v_str = f'({self.u.name} - {self.ref.name})'
        self.uin.e_str = f'({self.u.name} - {self.ref.name}) - {self.name}_uin'

        self.y.v_str = f'{self.kp.name} * ({self.u.name} - {self.ref.name}) + {self.x0.name}'
        self.y.e_str = f'{self.name}_PIC_y + {self.name}_WO_y - {self.name}_y'


class PIAWHardLimit(PIController):
    """
    PI controller with anti-windup limiter on the integrator and
    hard limit on the output.

    Limits ``lower`` and ``upper`` are on the final output,
    and ``aw_lower`` ``aw_upper`` are on the integrator.

    """

    def __init__(self, u, kp, ki, aw_lower, aw_upper, lower, upper, no_lower=False, no_upper=False,
                 ref=0.0, x0=0.0, name=None, tex_name=None, info=None):

        PIController.__init__(self, u=u, kp=kp, ki=ki, ref=ref, x0=x0,
                              name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info,
                              )

        self.lower = dummify(lower)
        self.upper = dummify(upper)
        self.aw_lower = dummify(aw_lower)
        self.aw_upper = dummify(aw_upper)

        self.aw = AntiWindup(u=self.xi, lower=self.aw_lower, upper=self.aw_upper,
                             no_lower=no_lower, no_upper=no_upper, tex_name='aw'
                             )

        self.yul = Algeb("PI unlimited output", tex_name='y^{ul}',
                         discrete=self.aw,
                         )

        self.hl = HardLimiter(u=self.yul, lower=self.lower, upper=self.upper,
                              no_lower=no_lower, no_upper=no_upper, tex_name='hl',
                              )

        # the sequence affect the initialization order
        self.vars = OrderedDict([('xi', self.xi), ('aw', self.aw),
                                 ('yul', self.yul), ('hl', self.hl),
                                 ('y', self.y)])

        self.y.discrete = self.hl

    def define(self):

        PIController.define(self)

        self.yul.v_str = f'{self.kp.name} * ({self.u.name} - {self.ref.name}) + {self.x0.name}'

        self.yul.e_str = f'{self.kp.name} * ({self.u.name} - {self.ref.name}) + ' \
                         f'{self.name}_xi - {self.name}_yul'

        # overwrite existing `y` equations
        self.y.v_str = f'{self.name}_yul * {self.name}_hl_zi + ' \
                       f'{self.lower.name} * {self.name}_hl_zl + ' \
                       f'{self.upper.name} * {self.name}_hl_zu'

        self.y.e_str = self.y.v_str + f' - {self.name}_y'


class PIDAWHardLimit(PIAWHardLimit):
    r"""
    PID controller with anti-windup limiter on the integrator and
    hard limit on the output.
    ::

                         upper
                       /¯¯¯¯¯¯
            ┌────────────────────┐
            │      ki     skd    │
       u -> │kp + ─── + ───────  │ -> y
            │      s    1 + sTd  │
            └────────────────────┘
                ______/
                lower

    The controller takes an error signal as the input.

    Limits ``lower`` and ``upper`` are on the final output,
    and ``aw_lower`` ``aw_upper`` are on the integrator.

    The name is suggessted to be specified the same as the instance name.

    Parameters
    ----------
    u : BaseVar
        The input variable instance
    kp : BaseParam
        The proportional gain parameter instance
    ki : BaseParam
        The integral gain parameter instance
    kd : BaseParam
        The derivative gain parameter instance
    Td : BaseParam
        The derivative time constant parameter instance
    """

    def __init__(self, u, kp, ki, kd, Td, aw_lower, aw_upper, lower, upper, name, no_lower=False, no_upper=False,
                 ref=0.0, x0=0.0, tex_name=None, info=None):

        PIAWHardLimit.__init__(self, u=u, kp=kp, ki=ki, aw_lower=aw_lower,
                               aw_upper=aw_upper, lower=lower, upper=upper,
                               no_lower=no_lower, no_upper=no_upper,
                               ref=ref, x0=x0, name=name, tex_name=tex_name,
                               info=info)

        self.kd = dummify(kd)
        self.Td = dummify(Td)

        self.uin = Algeb(info="PID input", tex_name='uin')

        self.WO = Washout(info='Washout', tex_name='WO',
                          u=self.uin, K=self.kd, T=self.kd)

        # the sequence affect the initialization order
        self.vars = OrderedDict([('xi', self.xi), ('uin', self.uin),
                                 ('WO', self.WO),
                                 ('aw', self.aw), ('yul', self.yul),
                                 ('hl', self.hl), ('y', self.y)])

    def define(self):

        PIAWHardLimit.define(self)
        self.uin.v_str = f'({self.u.name} - {self.ref.name})'
        self.uin.e_str = f'({self.u.name} - {self.ref.name}) - {self.name}_uin'

        # overwrite existing `yul` equations
        self.yul.e_str = f'{self.kp.name} * ({self.u.name} - {self.ref.name}) + ' \
                         f'{self.name}_xi + {self.name}_WO_y - {self.name}_yul'


class PITrackAW(Block):
    """
    PI with tracking anti-windup limiter
    """

    def __init__(self, u, kp, ki, ks, lower, upper, no_lower=False, no_upper=False,
                 ref=0.0, x0=0.0, name=None, tex_name=None, info=None):
        Block.__init__(self, name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)

        self.u = dummify(u)
        self.kp = dummify(kp)
        self.ki = dummify(ki)
        self.ks = dummify(ks)
        self.lower = dummify(lower)
        self.upper = dummify(upper)
        self.ref = dummify(ref)
        self.x0 = dummify(x0)

        self.xi = State(info="Integrator output", tex_name='xi')
        self.ys = Algeb(info="PI summation before limit", tex_name='ys')
        self.lim = HardLimiter(u=self.ys, lower=self.lower, upper=self.upper,
                               no_lower=no_lower, no_upper=no_upper, tex_name='lim')
        self.y = Algeb(info="PI output", discrete=self.lim, tex_name='y')
        self.vars = OrderedDict([('xi', self.xi),
                                 ('ys', self.ys),
                                 ('lim', self.lim),
                                 ('y', self.y)])

    def define(self):
        self.xi.v_str = f'{self.x0.name}'
        self.ys.v_str = f'{self.kp.name} * ({self.u.name} - {self.ref.name}) + {self.x0.name}'
        self.y.v_str = f'{self.name}_ys * {self.name}_lim_zi + ' \
                       f'{self.lower.name} * {self.name}_lim_zl + ' \
                       f'{self.upper.name} * {self.name}_lim_zu'

        self.xi.e_str = f'{self.ki.name} * ({self.u.name} - {self.ref.name} -' \
                        f' {self.ks.name} * ({self.name}_ys - {self.name}_y))'

        self.ys.e_str = f'{self.kp.name} * ({self.u.name} - {self.ref.name}) + ' \
                        f'{self.name}_xi - {self.name}_ys'

        self.y.e_str = self.y.v_str + f' - {self.name}_y'


class PIDTrackAW(PITrackAW):
    """
    PID with tracking anti-windup limiter
    """

    def __init__(self, u, kp, ki, kd, Td, ks, lower, upper, no_lower=False, no_upper=False,
                 ref=0.0, x0=0.0, name=None, tex_name=None, info=None):
        PITrackAW.__init__(self, u=u, kp=kp, ki=ki, ks=ks,
                           lower=lower, upper=upper,
                           no_lower=no_lower, no_upper=no_upper,
                           ref=ref, x0=x0, name=name, tex_name=tex_name,
                           info=info)

        self.kd = dummify(kd)
        self.Td = dummify(Td)

        self.uin = Algeb(info="PID input", tex_name='uin')

        self.WO = Washout(info='Washout', tex_name='WO',
                          u=self.uin, K=self.kd, T=self.Td)

        self.vars = OrderedDict([('uin', self.uin),
                                 ('xi', self.xi),
                                 ('WO', self.WO),
                                 ('ys', self.ys),
                                 ('lim', self.lim),
                                 ('y', self.y)])

    def define(self):
        PITrackAW.define(self)

        self.uin.v_str = f'({self.u.name} - {self.ref.name})'
        self.uin.e_str = f'({self.u.name} - {self.ref.name}) - {self.name}_uin'

        # overwrite existing `y` equations
        self.ys.e_str = f'{self.kp.name} * ({self.u.name} - {self.ref.name}) + ' \
                        f'{self.name}_xi + {self.name}_WO_y - {self.name}_ys'


class PITrackAWFreeze(PITrackAW):
    """
    PI controller with tracking anti-windup limiter and state freeze.
    """

    def __init__(self, u, kp, ki, ks, lower, upper, freeze, no_lower=False, no_upper=False,
                 ref=0.0, x0=0.0, name=None, tex_name=None, info=None):
        PITrackAW.__init__(self, u, kp, ki, ks, lower, upper, no_lower=no_lower, no_upper=no_upper,
                           ref=ref, x0=x0, name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)
        self.freeze = dummify(freeze)

        self.flag = EventFlag(u=self.freeze, tex_name='z^{flag}')
        self.vars['flag'] = self.flag

        self.ys.diag_eps = True
        self.y.diag_eps = True

    def define(self):
        PITrackAW.define(self)

        self.xi.e_str = f'(1-{self.freeze.name}) * {self.ki.name} * ' \
                        f'({self.u.name} - {self.ref.name} -' \
                        f' {self.ks.name} * ({self.name}_ys - {self.name}_y))'

        self.ys.e_str = f'(1-{self.freeze.name}) * ' \
                        f'({self.kp.name} * ({self.u.name} - {self.ref.name}) + {self.name}_xi - {self.name}_ys)'

        self.y.e_str = f'(1 - {self.freeze.name}) * ' \
                       f'({self.name}_ys * {self.name}_lim_zi +' \
                       f' {self.lower.name} * {self.name}_lim_zl +' \
                       f' {self.upper.name} * {self.name}_lim_zu - {self.name}_y)'


class PIFreeze(PIController):
    """
    PI controller with state freeze.

    Freezes state when the corresponding `freeze == 1`.

    Notes
    -----
    Tested in `experimental.TestPITrackAW.PIFreeze`.
    """

    def __init__(self, u, kp, ki, freeze, ref=0.0, x0=0.0, name=None,
                 tex_name=None, info=None):
        PIController.__init__(self, u=u, kp=kp, ki=ki, ref=ref, x0=x0,
                              name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)
        self.freeze = dummify(freeze)

        self.flag = EventFlag(u=self.freeze, tex_name='z^{flag}')
        self.vars['flag'] = self.flag

        self.y.diag_eps = True

    def define(self):
        r"""
        Notes
        -----
        One state variable ``xi`` and one algebraic variable ``y`` are added.

        Equations implemented are

        .. math ::
            \dot{x_i} &= k_i * (u - ref) \\
            y &= (1-freeze) * (x_i + k_p * (u - ref)) + freeze * y
        """
        PIController.define(self)
        # state freeze does not affect initial values

        self.xi.e_str = f'(1 - {self.freeze.name}) * {self.ki.name} * ' \
                        f'({self.u.name} - {self.ref.name})'

        # Freeze and unfreeze should invoke a Jacobian update
        # In general, any equation switching should invoke a Jacobian update

        self.y.e_str = f'(1 - {self.freeze.name}) * ' \
                       f'({self.kp.name}*({self.u.name}-{self.ref.name}) + {self.name}_xi - {self.name}_y)'


class PIControllerNumeric(Block):
    """
    A PI Controller implemented with numerical function calls.

    `ref` must not be a variable.
    """

    def __init__(self, u, kp, ki, ref=0.0, name=None, tex_name=None, info=None):
        super().__init__(name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)

        self.u = u
        self.ref = dummify(ref)
        self.kp = dummify(kp)
        self.ki = dummify(ki)

        self.xi = State(info="Integrator value")
        self.y = Algeb(info="PI output")

        self.vars = {'xi': self.xi, 'y': self.y}
        self.flags.update({'f_num': True, 'g_num': True, 'j_num': True})

    def g_numeric(self, **kwargs):
        self.y.e = self.kp.v * (self.u.v - self.ref.v) + self.xi.v - self.y.v

    def f_numeric(self, **kwargs):
        self.xi.e = self.ki.v * (self.u.v - self.ref.v)

    def j_numeric(self):
        self.j_reset()
        self.triplets.append_ijv('fyc', self.xi.id, self.u.id, self.ki.v)
        self.triplets.append_ijv('gyc', self.y.id, self.u.id, self.kp.v)
        self.triplets.append_ijv('gxc', self.y.id, self.xi.id, 1.0)
        self.triplets.append_ijv('gyc', self.y.id, self.y.id, -1.0)

    def define(self):
        """Skip the symbolic definition"""
        pass


class Gain(Block):
    r"""
    Gain block. ::

             ┌───┐
        u -> │ K │ -> y
             └───┘

    Exports an algebraic output `y`.
    """

    def __init__(self, u, K, name=None, tex_name=None, info=None):
        super().__init__(name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)
        self.u = dummify(u)
        self.K = dummify(K)
        self.enforce_tex_name((self.K,))

        self.y = Algeb(info='Gain output', tex_name='y')
        self.vars = {'y': self.y}

    def define(self):
        r"""
        Implemented equation and the initial condition are

        .. math ::
            y = K u \\
            y^{(0)} = K u^{(0)}

        """
        self.y.v_str = f'{self.K.name} * {self.u.name}'
        self.y.e_str = f'{self.K.name} * {self.u.name} - {self.name}_y'


class Integrator(Block):
    r"""
    Integrator block. ::

             ┌──────┐
        u -> │ K/sT │ -> y
             └──────┘

    Exports a differential variable `y`.

    The initial output needs to be specified through `y0`.
    """

    def __init__(self, u, T, K, y0, check_init=True,
                 name=None, tex_name=None, info=None):
        super().__init__(name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)
        self.u = dummify(u)
        self.K = dummify(K)
        self.T = dummify(T)
        self.y0 = dummify(y0)
        self.check_init = check_init
        self.enforce_tex_name((self.K, self.T))

        self.y = State(info='Integrator output', tex_name='y', t_const=self.T,
                       check_init=check_init)
        self.vars = {'y': self.y}

    def define(self):
        r"""
        Implemented equation and the initial condition are

        .. math ::
            \dot{y} = K u \\
            y^{(0)} = 0

        """
        self.y.v_str = f'{self.y0.name}'
        self.y.e_str = f'{self.K.name} * ({self.u.name})'


class IntegratorAntiWindup(Block):
    r"""
    Integrator block with anti-windup limiter. ::

                   upper
                  /¯¯¯¯¯
             ┌──────┐
        u -> │ K/sT │ -> y
             └──────┘
           _____/
           lower

    Exports a differential variable `y` and an AntiWindup `lim`.
    The initial output must be specified through `y0`.
    """

    def __init__(self, u, T, K, y0, lower, upper, name=None, tex_name=None, info=None, no_warn=False):
        super().__init__(name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)
        self.u = dummify(u)
        self.T = dummify(T)
        self.K = dummify(K)
        self.y0 = dummify(y0)
        self.lower = dummify(lower)
        self.upper = dummify(upper)
        self.enforce_tex_name((self.K, self.T))
        self.no_warn = no_warn

        self.y = State(info='AW Integrator output', tex_name='y', t_const=self.T)

        self.lim = AntiWindup(u=self.y, lower=self.lower, upper=self.upper, tex_name='lim',
                              info='Limiter in integrator', no_warn=self.no_warn,
                              )

        self.vars = {'y': self.y, 'lim': self.lim}

    def define(self):
        r"""
        Implemented equation and the initial condition are

        .. math ::
            \dot{y} = K u \\
            y^{(0)} = 0

        """
        self.y.v_str = f'{self.y0.name}'
        self.y.e_str = f'{self.K.name} * ({self.u.name})'


class Washout(Block):
    r"""
    Washout filter (high pass) block. ::

             ┌────────┐
             │   sK   │
        u -> │ ────── │ -> y
             │ 1 + sT │
             └────────┘

    Exports state `x` (symbol `x'`) and output algebraic variable `y`.
    """

    def __init__(self, u, T, K, name=None, tex_name=None, info=None):
        super().__init__(name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)
        self.u = dummify(u)
        self.T = dummify(T)
        self.K = dummify(K)
        self.enforce_tex_name((self.K, self.T))

        self.x = State(info='State in washout filter', tex_name="x'", t_const=self.T)
        self.y = Algeb(info='Output of washout filter', tex_name=r'y', diag_eps=True)
        self.vars.update({'x': self.x, 'y': self.y})

    def define(self):
        r"""
        Notes
        -----
        Equations and initial values:

        .. math ::
            T \dot{x'} &= (u - x') \\
            T y &= K (u - x') \\
            x'^{(0)} &= u \\
            y^{(0)} &= 0

        """
        self.x.v_str = f'{self.u.name}'
        self.y.v_str = '0'

        self.x.e_str = f'({self.u.name} - {self.name}_x)'
        self.y.e_str = f'{self.K.name} * ({self.u.name} - {self.name}_x) - {self.T.name} * {self.name}_y'


class WashoutOrLag(Washout):
    """
    Washout with the capability to convert to Lag when K = 0.

    Can be enabled with `zero_out`. Need to provide `name` to construct.

    Exports state `x` (symbol `x'`), output algebraic variable `y`, and a LessThan block `LT`.

    Parameters
    ----------
    zero_out : bool, optional
        If True, ``sT`` will become 1, and the washout will become a low-pass filter.
        If False, functions as a regular Washout.
    """

    def __init__(self, u, T, K, name=None, zero_out=True, tex_name=None, info=None):
        super().__init__(u, T, K, name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)
        self.zero_out = zero_out
        self.LT = LessThan(K,
                           dummify(0),
                           equal=True,
                           enable=zero_out,
                           tex_name='LT',
                           cache=True,
                           z0=1, z1=0)

        self.vars.update({'LT': self.LT})

    def define(self):
        r"""
        Notes
        -----
        Equations and initial values:

        .. math ::
            T \dot{x'} &= (u - x') \\
            T y = z_0 K (u - x') + z_1 T x \\
            x'^{(0)} &= u \\
            y^{(0)} &= 0

        where ``z_0`` is a flag array for the greater-than-zero elements, and ``z_1`` is that for the
        less-than or equal-to zero elements.
        """

        super().define()

        self.y.v_str = f'{self.name}_LT_z0 * 0 + {self.name}_LT_z1 * {self.name}_x'

        self.y.e_str = f'{self.name}_LT_z0 * {self.K.name} * ({self.u.name} - {self.name}_x) + ' \
                       f'{self.name}_LT_z1 * {self.T.name} * {self.name}_x - ' \
                       f'{self.T.name} * {self.name}_y'


class Lag(Block):
    r"""
    Lag (low pass filter) transfer function. ::

             ┌────────┐
             │    K   │
        u -> │ ────── │ -> y
             │ D + sT │
             └────────┘

    Exports one state variable `y` as the output.

    Parameters
    ----------
    K
        Gain
    T
        Time constant
    D
        Constant
    u
        Input variable

    """

    def __init__(self, u, T, K, D=1, name=None, tex_name=None, info=None):
        super().__init__(name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)
        self.u = dummify(u)
        self.T = dummify(T)
        self.K = dummify(K)
        self.D = dummify(D)

        self.enforce_tex_name((self.K, self.T, self.D))
        self.y = State(info='State in lag transfer function', tex_name="y",
                       t_const=self.T)

        self.vars = {'y': self.y}

    def define(self):
        r"""

        Notes
        -----
        Equations and initial values are

        .. math ::

            T \dot{y} &= (Ku - Dy) \\
            y^{(0)} &= Ku / D

        """
        self.y.v_str = f'{self.u.name} * {self.K.name} / {self.D.name}'
        self.y.e_str = f'({self.K.name} * {self.u.name} - {self.D.name} * {self.name}_y)'


class LagFreeze(Lag):
    """
    Lag with a state freeze input.
    """

    def __init__(self, u, T, K, freeze, D=1, name=None, tex_name=None, info=None):
        Lag.__init__(self, u, T, K, D=1, name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)
        self.freeze = dummify(freeze)

        self.flag = EventFlag(u=self.freeze, tex_name='z^{flag}')
        self.vars['flag'] = self.flag

        self.y.diag_eps = True

    def define(self):
        r"""
        Notes
        -----
        Equations and initial values are

        .. math ::

            T \dot{y} &= (1 - freeze) * (Ku - y) \\
            y^{(0)} &= K u

        """
        Lag.define(self)
        self.y.e_str = f'(1 - {self.freeze.name})* ({self.K.name} * {self.u.name} - {self.name}_y)'


class LagAntiWindup(Block):
    r"""
    Lag (low pass filter) transfer function block with an anti-windup limiter. ::

                     upper
                   /¯¯¯¯¯¯
             ┌────────┐
             │    K   │
        u -> │ ────── │ -> y
             │ D + sT │
             └────────┘
           ______/
           lower

    Exports one state variable `y` as the output and one AntiWindup instance `lim`.

    Parameters
    ----------
    K
        Gain
    T
        Time constant
    D
        Constant
    u
        Input variable

    """

    def __init__(self, u, T, K, lower, upper, D=1,
                 name=None, tex_name=None, info=None):
        super().__init__(name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)
        self.u = dummify(u)
        self.T = dummify(T)
        self.K = dummify(K)
        self.D = dummify(D)

        self.lower = dummify(lower)
        self.upper = dummify(upper)

        self.enforce_tex_name((self.T, self.K, self.D))

        self.y = State(info='State in lag TF', tex_name="y",
                       t_const=self.T)
        self.lim = AntiWindup(u=self.y, lower=self.lower, upper=self.upper, tex_name='lim',
                              info='Limiter in Lag')

        self.vars = {'y': self.y, 'lim': self.lim}

    def define(self):
        r"""

        Notes
        -----
        Equations and initial values are

        .. math ::

            T \dot{y} &= (Ku - Dy) \\
            y^{(0)} &= K u / D

        """
        self.y.v_str = f'{self.u.name} * {self.K.name} / {self.D.name}'
        self.y.e_str = f'{self.K.name} * {self.u.name} - {self.D.name} * {self.name}_y'


class LagAWFreeze(LagAntiWindup):
    """
    Lag with anti-windup limiter and state freeze.

    The output `y` is a state variable.
    """

    def __init__(self, u, T, K, lower, upper, freeze, D=1,
                 name=None, tex_name=None, info=None):
        LagAntiWindup.__init__(self, u, T, K, lower, upper, D=D,
                               name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)
        self.freeze = dummify(freeze)

        self.flag = EventFlag(u=self.freeze, tex_name='z^{flag}')
        self.vars['flag'] = self.flag

        self.y.diag_eps = True

    def define(self):
        r"""
        Notes
        -----
        Equations and initial values are

        .. math ::

            T \dot{y} &= (1 - freeze) (Ku - y) \\
            y^{(0)} &= K u

        """
        LagAntiWindup.define(self)
        self.y.e_str = f'(1 - {self.freeze.name}) * ({self.K.name} * {self.u.name} - {self.name}_y)'


class LagRate(Block):
    r"""
    Lag (low pass filter) transfer function block with a rate limiter and an anti-windup limiter. ::

                    rate_upper
                   /
             ┌────────┐
             │    K   │
        u -> │ ────── │ -> y
             │ D + sT │
             └────────┘
                 /
        rate_lower

    Exports one state variable `y` as the output and one AntiWindupRate instance `lim`.

    Parameters
    ----------
    K
        Gain
    T
        Time constant
    D
        Constant
    u
        Input variable

    """

    def __init__(self, u, T, K,
                 rate_lower, rate_upper, D=1,
                 rate_no_lower=False, rate_no_upper=False,
                 rate_lower_cond=None, rate_upper_cond=None,
                 name=None, tex_name=None, info=None):
        super().__init__(name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)
        self.u = dummify(u)
        self.T = dummify(T)
        self.K = dummify(K)
        self.D = dummify(D)

        self.enforce_tex_name((self.T, self.K, self.D))

        self.y = State(info='State in lag TF', tex_name="y",
                       t_const=self.T)

        self.lim = RateLimiter(u=self.y, lower=rate_lower, upper=rate_upper,
                               no_lower=rate_no_lower, no_upper=rate_no_upper,
                               lower_cond=rate_lower_cond, upper_cond=rate_upper_cond,
                               tex_name='lim',
                               info='Rate limiter in Lag')

        self.vars = {'y': self.y, 'lim': self.lim}

    def define(self):
        r"""

        Notes
        -----
        Equations and initial values are

        .. math ::

            T \dot{y} &= (Ku - y) \\
            y^{(0)} &= K u

        """
        self.y.v_str = f'{self.u.name} * {self.K.name}'
        self.y.e_str = f'{self.K.name} * {self.u.name} - {self.name}_y'


class LagAntiWindupRate(Block):
    r"""
    Lag (low pass filter) transfer function block with a rate limiter and an anti-windup limiter. ::

                     upper && rate_upper
                   /¯¯¯¯¯¯
             ┌────────┐
             │    K   │
        u -> │ ────── │ -> y
             │ D + sT │
             └────────┘
           ______/
           lower & rate_lower

    Exports one state variable `y` as the output and one AntiWindupRate instance `lim`.

    Parameters
    ----------
    K
        Gain
    T
        Time constant
    D
        Constant
    u
        Input variable

    """

    def __init__(self, u, T, K,
                 lower, upper, rate_lower, rate_upper, D=1,
                 no_lower=False, no_upper=False, rate_no_lower=False, rate_no_upper=False,
                 rate_lower_cond=None, rate_upper_cond=None,
                 name=None, tex_name=None, info=None):
        super().__init__(name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)
        self.u = dummify(u)
        self.T = dummify(T)
        self.K = dummify(K)
        self.D = dummify(D)

        self.lower = dummify(lower)
        self.upper = dummify(upper)

        self.enforce_tex_name((self.T, self.K, self.D))

        self.y = State(info='State in lag TF', tex_name="y",
                       t_const=self.T,
                       )
        self.lim = AntiWindupRate(u=self.y, lower=self.lower, upper=self.upper,
                                  rate_lower=rate_lower, rate_upper=rate_upper,
                                  no_lower=no_lower, no_upper=no_upper,
                                  rate_no_lower=rate_no_lower, rate_no_upper=rate_no_upper,
                                  rate_lower_cond=rate_lower_cond, rate_upper_cond=rate_upper_cond,
                                  tex_name='lim',
                                  info='Limiter in Lag',
                                  )

        self.vars = {'y': self.y, 'lim': self.lim}

    def define(self):
        r"""

        Notes
        -----
        Equations and initial values are

        .. math ::

            T \dot{y} &= (Ku - Dy) \\
            y^{(0)} &= K u / D

        """
        self.y.v_str = f'{self.u.name} * {self.K.name} / {self.D.name}'
        self.y.e_str = f'{self.K.name} * {self.u.name} - {self.D.name} * {self.name}_y'


class Lag2ndOrd(Block):
    r"""
    Second order lag transfer function (low-pass filter) ::

             ┌──────────────────┐
             │         K        │
        u -> │ ──────────────── │ -> y
             │ 1 + sT1 + s^2 T2 │
             └──────────────────┘

    Exports one two state variables (`x`, `y`), where `y` is the output.

    Parameters
    ----------
    u
        Input
    K
        Gain
    T1
        First order time constant
    T2
        Second order time constant
    """

    def __init__(self, u, K, T1, T2, name=None, tex_name=None, info=None):
        super(Lag2ndOrd, self).__init__(name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)

        self.u = dummify(u)
        self.K = dummify(K)
        self.T1 = dummify(T1)
        self.T2 = dummify(T2)

        self.enforce_tex_name((self.K, self.T1, self.T2))

        self.x = State(info='State in 2nd order LPF', tex_name="x'", t_const=self.T2)
        self.y = State(info='Output of 2nd order LPF', tex_name='y')

        self.vars = {'x': self.x, 'y': self.y}

    def define(self):
        r"""

        Notes
        -------
        Implemented equations and initial values are

        .. math ::

            T_2 \dot{x} &= Ku - y - T_1 x \\
            \dot{y} &= x \\
            x^{(0)} &= 0 \\
            y^{(0)} &= K u
        """

        self.x.v_str = 0
        self.x.e_str = f'{self.u.name} * {self.K.name} - ' \
                       f'{self.name}_y - ' \
                       f'{self.T1.name} * {self.name}_x'

        self.y.v_str = f'{self.u.name} * {self.K.name}'
        self.y.e_str = f'{self.name}_x'


class LeadLag(Block):
    r"""
    Lead-Lag transfer function block in series implementation ::

             ┌───────────┐
             │   1 + sT1 │
        u -> │ K ─────── │ -> y
             │   1 + sT2 │
             └───────────┘

    Exports two variables: internal state `x` and output algebraic variable `y`.

    Notes
    -----
    To allow zeroing out lead-lag as a pure gain, set ``zero_out`` to `True`.

    Parameters
    ----------
    T1 : BaseParam
        Time constant 1
    T2 : BaseParam
        Time constant 2
    zero_out : bool
        True to allow zeroing out lead-lag as a pass through (when T1=T2=0)
    """

    def __init__(self, u, T1, T2, K=1, zero_out=True, name=None, tex_name=None, info=None):
        super().__init__(name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)
        self.u = dummify(u)
        self.T1 = dummify(T1)
        self.T2 = dummify(T2)
        self.K = dummify(K)
        self.zero_out = zero_out

        self.enforce_tex_name((self.T1, self.T2))

        self.x = State(info='State in lead-lag', tex_name="x'", t_const=self.T2)
        self.y = Algeb(info='Output of lead-lag', tex_name=r'y', diag_eps=True)
        self.vars = {'x': self.x, 'y': self.y}

        if self.zero_out is True:
            self.LT1 = LessThan(T1, dummify(0), equal=True, enable=zero_out, tex_name='LT',
                                cache=True, z0=1, z1=0)
            self.LT2 = LessThan(T2, dummify(0), equal=True, enable=zero_out, tex_name='LT',
                                cache=True, z0=1, z1=0)
            self.x.discrete = (self.LT1, self.LT2)
            self.vars['LT1'] = self.LT1
            self.vars['LT2'] = self.LT2

    def define(self):
        r"""

        Notes
        -----

        Implemented equations and initial values

        .. math ::

            T_2 \dot{x'} &= (u - x') \\
            T_2  y &= K T_1  (u - x') + K T_2  x' + E_2 \, , \text{where} \\
            E_2 = &
            \left\{\begin{matrix}
            (y - K x') &\text{ if } T_1 = T_2 = 0 \& zero\_out=True \\
            0& \text{ otherwise }
            \end{matrix}\right. \\
            x'^{(0)} & = u\\
            y^{(0)} & = Ku\\

        """

        self.x.v_str = f'{self.u.name}'
        self.y.v_str = f'{self.u.name}'

        self.x.e_str = f'({self.u.name} - {self.name}_x)'
        self.y.e_str = f'{self.K.name} * {self.T1.name} * ({self.u.name} - {self.name}_x) + ' \
                       f'{self.K.name} * {self.name}_x * {self.T2.name} - ' \
                       f'{self.name}_y * {self.T2.name}'

        # when T1=T2=0, use equation `0 = y - Kx`
        if self.zero_out is True:
            self.y.e_str += f'+ {self.name}_LT1_z1 * {self.name}_LT2_z1 * ' \
                            f'({self.name}_y - {self.K.name} * {self.name}_x)'


class LeadLag2ndOrd(Block):
    r"""
    Second-order lead-lag transfer function block ::

             ┌──────────────────┐
             │ 1 + sT3 + s^2 T4 │
        u -> │ ──────────────── │ -> y
             │ 1 + sT1 + s^2 T2 │
             └──────────────────┘

    Exports two internal states (`x1` and `x2`) and output algebraic variable `y`.

    # TODO: instead of implementing `zero_out` using `LessThan` and an additional
    term, consider correcting all parameters to 1 if all are 0.

    """

    def __init__(self, u, T1, T2, T3, T4, zero_out=False, name=None, tex_name=None, info=None):
        super(LeadLag2ndOrd, self).__init__(name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)
        self.u = dummify(u)
        self.T1 = dummify(T1)
        self.T2 = dummify(T2)
        self.T3 = dummify(T3)
        self.T4 = dummify(T4)
        self.zero_out = zero_out
        self.enforce_tex_name((self.T1, self.T2, self.T3, self.T4))

        self.x1 = State(info='State #1 in 2nd order lead-lag', tex_name="x'", t_const=self.T2)
        self.x2 = State(info='State #2 in 2nd order lead-lag', tex_name="x''")
        self.y = Algeb(info='Output of 2nd order lead-lag', tex_name='y', diag_eps=True)

        self.vars = {'x1': self.x1, 'x2': self.x2, 'y': self.y}

        if self.zero_out is True:
            self.LT1 = LessThan(T1, dummify(0), equal=True, enable=zero_out, tex_name='LT',
                                cache=True, z0=1, z1=0)
            self.LT2 = LessThan(T2, dummify(0), equal=True, enable=zero_out, tex_name='LT',
                                cache=True, z0=1, z1=0)
            self.LT3 = LessThan(T4, dummify(0), equal=True, enable=zero_out, tex_name='LT',
                                cache=True, z0=1, z1=0)
            self.LT4 = LessThan(T4, dummify(0), equal=True, enable=zero_out, tex_name='LT',
                                cache=True, z0=1, z1=0)
            self.x2.discrete = (self.LT1, self.LT2, self.LT3, self.LT4)
            self.vars['LT1'] = self.LT1
            self.vars['LT2'] = self.LT2
            self.vars['LT3'] = self.LT3
            self.vars['LT4'] = self.LT4

    def define(self):
        r"""
        Notes
        -----
        Implemented equations and initial values are

        .. math ::
            T_2 \dot{x}_1 &= u - x_2 - T_1 x_1 \\
            \dot{x}_2 &= x_1 \\
            T_2 y &= T_2 x_2 + T_2 T_3 x_1 + T_4 (u - x_2 - T_1 x_1) + E_2 \, , \text{ where} \\
            E_2 = &
            \left\{\begin{matrix}
            (y - x_2) &\text{ if } T_1 = T_2 = T_3 = T_4 = 0 \& zero\_out=True \\
            0& \text{ otherwise }
            \end{matrix}\right. \\
            x_1^{(0)} &= 0 \\
            x_2^{(0)} &= y^{(0)} = u

        """
        self.x1.e_str = f'{self.u.name} - {self.name}_x2 - {self.T1.name} * {self.name}_x1'
        self.x2.e_str = f'{self.name}_x1'
        self.y.e_str = f'{self.T2.name} * {self.name}_x2 + ' \
                       f'{self.T2.name} * {self.T3.name} * {self.name}_x1 + ' \
                       f'{self.T4.name} * ({self.u.name} - {self.name}_x2 - {self.T1.name} * {self.name}_x1) - ' \
                       f'{self.T2.name} * {self.name}_y'

        self.x1.v_str = 0
        self.x2.v_str = f'{self.u.name}'
        self.y.v_str = f'{self.u.name}'

        # when T1=T2=0, use equation `0 = y - Kx`
        if self.zero_out is True:
            self.y.e_str += f'+ {self.name}_LT1_z1*{self.name}_LT2_z1*{self.name}_LT3_z1*{self.name}_LT4_z1 * ' \
                            f'({self.name}_y - {self.name}_x2)'


class LeadLagLimit(Block):
    r"""
    Lead-Lag transfer function block with hard limiter (series implementation) ::

             ┌─────────┐          upper
             │ 1 + sT1 │         /¯¯¯¯¯
        u -> │ ─────── │ -> ynl / -> y
             │ 1 + sT2 │  _____/
             └─────────┘  lower

    Exports four variables: state `x`, output before hard limiter `ynl`, output `y`, and AntiWindup `lim`.

    """

    def __init__(self, u, T1, T2, lower, upper,
                 name=None, tex_name=None, info=None):
        super().__init__(name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)
        self.u = dummify(u)
        self.T1 = dummify(T1)
        self.T2 = dummify(T2)
        self.lower = lower
        self.upper = upper
        self.enforce_tex_name((self.T1, self.T2))

        self.x = State(info='State in lead-lag TF', tex_name="x'", t_const=self.T2)
        self.ynl = Algeb(info='Output of lead-lag TF before limiter', tex_name=r'y_{nl}')
        self.y = Algeb(info='Output of lead-lag TF after limiter', tex_name=r'y',
                       diag_eps=True)
        self.lim = AntiWindup(u=self.ynl, lower=self.lower, upper=self.upper)

        self.vars = {'x': self.x, 'ynl': self.ynl, 'y': self.y, 'lim': self.lim}

    def define(self):
        r"""

        Notes
        -----

        Implemented control block equations (without limiter) and initial values

        .. math ::

            T_2 \dot{x'} &= (u - x') \\
            T_2 y &= T_1  (u - x') + T_2  x' \\
            x'^{(0)} &= y^{(0)} = u

        """
        self.x.v_str = f'{self.u.name}'
        self.ynl.v_str = f'{self.u.name}'
        self.y.v_str = f'{self.u.name}'

        self.x.e_str = f'({self.u.name} - {self.name}_x)'
        self.ynl.e_str = f'{self.T1.name} * ({self.u.name} - {self.name}_x) + ' \
                         f'{self.name}_x * {self.T2.name} - ' \
                         f'{self.name}_ynl * {self.T2.name}'

        self.y.e_str = f'{self.name}_ynl * {self.name}_lim_zi + ' \
                       f'{self.lower.name} * {self.name}_lim_zl + ' \
                       f'{self.upper.name} * {self.name}_lim_zu - ' \
                       f'{self.name}_y'


class HVGate(Block):
    """
    High Value Gate. Outputs the maximum of two inputs. ::

              ┌─────────┐
        u1 -> │ HV Gate │
              │         │ ->  y
        u2 -> │  (MAX)  │
              └─────────┘

    """

    def __init__(self, u1, u2, name=None, tex_name=None, info=None):
        super().__init__(name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)
        self.u1 = dummify(u1)
        self.u2 = dummify(u2)
        self.enforce_tex_name((u1, u2))

        self.sl = Selector(self.u1, self.u2, fun=np.maximum.reduce,
                           info='HVGate Selector',
                           )

        self.y = Algeb(info='HVGate output', tex_name='y', discrete=self.sl)
        self.vars = {'y': self.y, 'sl': self.sl}

    def define(self):
        """
        Implemented equations and initial conditions

        .. math ::

            0 = s_0^{sl} u_1 + s_1^{sl} u_2 - y
            y_0 = maximum(u_1, u_2)

        Notes
        -----
        In the implementation, one should not use ::

            self.y.v_str = f'maximum({self.u1.name}, {self.u2.name})',

        because SymPy processes this equation to `{self.u1.name}`.
        Not sure if this is a bug or intended.

        """
        self.y.v_str = f'{self.name}_sl_s0*{self.u1.name} + {self.name}_sl_s1*{self.u2.name}'
        self.y.e_str = f'{self.name}_sl_s0*{self.u1.name} + {self.name}_sl_s1*{self.u2.name} - ' \
                       f'{self.name}_y'


class LVGate(Block):
    """
    Low Value Gate. Outputs the minimum of the two inputs. ::

              ┌─────────┐
        u1 -> │ LV Gate |
              │         | ->  y
        u2 -> │  (MIN)  |
              └─────────┘

    """

    def __init__(self, u1, u2, name=None, tex_name=None, info=None):
        super().__init__(name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)
        self.u1 = dummify(u1)
        self.u2 = dummify(u2)
        self.enforce_tex_name((u1, u2))

        self.sl = Selector(self.u1, self.u2, fun=np.minimum.reduce,
                           info='LVGate Selector',
                           )

        self.y = Algeb(info='LVGate output', tex_name='y', discrete=self.sl)

        self.vars = {'y': self.y, 'sl': self.sl}

    def define(self):
        """
        Implemented equations and initial conditions

        .. math ::

            0 = s_0^{sl} u_1 + s_1^{sl} u_2 - y
            y_0 = minimum(u_1, u_2)

        Notes
        -----
        Same problem as `HVGate` as `minimum` does not sympify correctly.

        """
        self.y.v_str = f'{self.name}_sl_s0*{self.u1.name} + {self.name}_sl_s1*{self.u2.name}'
        self.y.e_str = f'{self.name}_sl_s0*{self.u1.name} + {self.name}_sl_s1*{self.u2.name} - ' \
                       f'{self.name}_y'


class GainLimiter(Block):
    """
    Gain followed by a limiter and another gain.

    Exports the limited output `y`, unlimited output `x`, and HardLimiter `lim`. ::

             ┌─────┐         upper  ┌─────┐
             │     │        /¯¯¯¯¯  │     │
        u -> │  K  │ -> x  /   ->   │  R  │ -> y
             │     │ _____/         │     │
             └─────┘ lower          └─────┘

    Parameters
    ----------
    u : str, BaseVar
        Input variable, or an equation string for constructing an anonymous variable
    K : str, BaseParam, BaseService
        Initial gain for `u` before limiter
    R : str, BaseParam, BaseService
        Post limiter gain

    """

    def __init__(self, u, K, R, lower, upper, no_lower=False, no_upper=False,
                 sign_lower=1, sign_upper=1,
                 name=None, tex_name=None, info=None):
        Block.__init__(self, name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)
        self.u = dummify(u)
        self.K = dummify(K)
        self.R = dummify(R)
        self.upper = dummify(upper)
        self.lower = dummify(lower)

        if (no_upper and no_lower) is True:
            raise ValueError("no_upper or no_lower cannot both be True")

        self.no_lower = no_lower
        self.no_upper = no_upper

        self.x = Algeb(info='Value before limiter', tex_name='x')

        self.lim = HardLimiter(u=self.x, lower=self.lower, upper=self.upper,
                               no_upper=no_upper, no_lower=no_lower,
                               sign_lower=sign_lower, sign_upper=sign_upper,
                               tex_name='lim')

        self.y = Algeb(info='Output after limiter and post gain', tex_name='y', discrete=self.lim)

        self.vars = {'lim': self.lim, 'x': self.x, 'y': self.y}

    def define(self):
        """
        TODO: write docstring
        """
        self.x.v_str = f'{self.K.name} * ({self.u.name})'
        self.x.e_str = f'{self.K.name} * ({self.u.name}) - {self.name}_x'

        self.y.e_str = f'{self.name}_x * {self.name}_lim_zi * {self.R.name}'
        self.y.v_str = f'{self.name}_x * {self.name}_lim_zi * {self.R.name}'

        if not self.no_upper:
            self.y.e_str += f' + {self.name}_lim_zu*{self.upper.name} * {self.R.name}* {self.lim.sign_upper.name}'
            self.y.v_str += f' + {self.name}_lim_zu*{self.upper.name} * {self.R.name}* {self.lim.sign_upper.name}'
        if not self.no_lower:
            self.y.e_str += f' + {self.name}_lim_zl*{self.lower.name} * {self.R.name}* {self.lim.sign_lower.name}'
            self.y.v_str += f' + {self.name}_lim_zl*{self.lower.name} * {self.R.name}* {self.lim.sign_lower.name}'

        self.y.e_str += f' - {self.name}_y'


class LimiterGain(Block):
    """
    Limiter followed by a gain.

    Exports the limited output `y`, unlimited output `x`, and HardLimiter `lim`. ::

                   upper ┌─────┐
                  /¯¯¯¯¯ │     │
        u  ->    /   ->  │  K  │ -> y
           _____/        │     │
           lower         └─────┘

    .. deprecated:: 1.5.0
          `LimiterGain` will be removed in ANDES 1.5.0. it is replaced by
          `GainLimiter` because the latter supports pre- and post-gains.

    """

    def __init__(self, u, K, lower, upper, no_lower=False, no_upper=False,
                 sign_lower=1, sign_upper=1,
                 name=None, tex_name=None, info=None):
        Block.__init__(self, name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)
        self.u = u
        self.K = dummify(K)
        self.upper = dummify(upper)
        self.lower = dummify(lower)

        if (no_upper and no_lower) is True:
            raise ValueError("no_upper or no_lower cannot both be True")

        self.no_lower = no_lower
        self.no_upper = no_upper

        self.lim = HardLimiter(u=self.u, lower=self.lower, upper=self.upper,
                               no_upper=no_upper, no_lower=no_lower,
                               sign_lower=sign_lower, sign_upper=sign_upper,
                               tex_name='lim')

        self.y = Algeb(info='Gain output after limiter', tex_name='y', discrete=self.lim)

        self.vars = {'lim': self.lim, 'y': self.y}

    def define(self):
        self.y.e_str = f'{self.K.name} * {self.u.name} * {self.name}_lim_zi'
        self.y.v_str = f'{self.K.name} * {self.u.name} * {self.name}_lim_zi'

        if not self.no_upper:
            self.y.e_str += f' + {self.K.name} * {self.name}_lim_zu*{self.upper.name} * {self.lim.sign_upper.name}'
            self.y.v_str += f' + {self.K.name} * {self.name}_lim_zu*{self.upper.name} * {self.lim.sign_upper.name}'
        if not self.no_lower:
            self.y.e_str += f' + {self.K.name} * {self.name}_lim_zl*{self.lower.name} * {self.lim.sign_lower.name}'
            self.y.v_str += f' + {self.K.name} * {self.name}_lim_zl*{self.lower.name} * {self.lim.sign_lower.name}'

        self.y.e_str += f' - {self.name}_y'


class Piecewise(Block):
    """
    Piecewise block. Outputs an algebraic variable `y`.

    This block takes a list of `N` points, `[x0, x1, ...x_{n-1}]` to define N+1 ranges,
    namely (-inf, x0), (x0, x1), ..., (x_{n-1}, +inf).
    and a list of `N+1` function strings `[fun0, ..., fun_n]`.

    Inputs that fall within each range applies the corresponding function.
    The first range (-inf, x0) applies `fun_0`, and
    the last range (x_{n-1}, +inf) applies the last function `fun_n`.

    Parameters
    ----------
    points : list, tuple
        A list of piecewise points. Need to be provided in the constructor function.
    funs : list, tuple
        A list of strings for the piecewise functions. Need to be provided in the overloaded `define` function.
    """

    def __init__(self, u, points: Union[List, Tuple], funs: Union[List, Tuple],
                 name=None, tex_name=None, info=None):
        super().__init__(name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info)
        self.u = u
        self.points = points
        self.funs = funs

        self.y = Algeb(info='Output of piecewise', tex_name='y')
        self.vars = {'y': self.y}

    def define(self):
        """
        Build the equation string for the piecewise equations.

        ``self.funs`` needs to be provided with the function strings corresponding to each range.
        """
        args = []
        i = 0
        for i in range(len(self.points)):
            args.append(f'({self.funs[i]}, {self.u.name} <= {self.points[i]})')
        args.append(f'({self.funs[i + 1]}, {self.u.name} > {self.points[-1]})')

        args_comma = ', '.join(args)
        pw_fun = f'Piecewise({args_comma}, evaluate=False)'

        self.y.v_str = pw_fun
        self.y.e_str = f'{pw_fun} - {self.name}_y'


class DeadBand1(Block):
    """
    Deadband type 1.

    Parameters
    ----------
    center
        Default value when within the deadband. If the input is an error signal,
        center should be set to zero.
    gain
        Gain multiplied to DeadBand discrete block's output.

    Notes
    -----

    Block diagram ::

              |   /
        ______|__/___   -> Gain -> DeadBand1_y
           /  |
          /   |

    """

    def __init__(self, u, center, lower, upper, gain=1.0, enable=True,
                 name=None, tex_name=None, info=None, namespace='local'):
        Block.__init__(self, name=name, tex_name=tex_name, info=info, namespace=namespace)

        self.u = dummify(u)
        self.center = dummify(center)
        self.lower = dummify(lower)
        self.upper = dummify(upper)
        self.gain = dummify(gain)
        self.enable = enable

        self.db = DeadBand(u=u, center=center, lower=lower, upper=upper,
                           enable=enable, tex_name='db')
        self.y = Algeb(info='Deadband type 1 output', tex_name='y', discrete=self.db)
        self.vars = {'db': self.db, 'y': self.y}

    def define(self):
        """
        Notes
        -----
        Implemented equation:

        .. math ::
            0 = center + z_u * (u - upper) + z_l * (u - lower) - y

        """
        self.y.v_str = f'{self.gain.name} * ({self.center.name} + ' \
                       f'{self.name}_db_zu * ({self.u.name} - {self.upper.name}) +' \
                       f'{self.name}_db_zl * ({self.u.name} - {self.lower.name}))'

        self.y.e_str = self.y.v_str + f' - {self.name}_y'