IntersectionOfOOPAndFunctionalProgramming.ipynb

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    "# Intersection of OO and Functional Programming\n",
    "\n",
    "- Python supports many features of pure functional programming languages such as Lisp\n",
    "- Python also supports many features of OOP of pure OOP languages such as Java, C#\n",
    "- in his chapter, we'll learn a grab bag of Python features that are not purely object-oriented:\n",
    "\n",
    "    - built-in functions that take care of common tasks in one call\n",
    "    - an alternative to method-overloading\n",
    "    - functions as objects\n",
    "    - file I/O and context managers\n",
    "    \n",
    "## Python built-in functions\n",
    "\n",
    "- all A-Z built-in functions are listed here: https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "### len( )\n",
    "    - calls `__len__()` method of objects\n",
    "    - len() is better decision choice than calling .len() or .__len__()\n",
    "    - works the same way on all containers!\n",
    "    - easy to understand, remember, use, etc."
   ]
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      "Help on built-in module builtins:\n",
      "\n",
      "NAME\n",
      "    builtins - Built-in functions, exceptions, and other objects.\n",
      "\n",
      "DESCRIPTION\n",
      "    Noteworthy: None is the `nil' object; Ellipsis represents `...' in slices.\n",
      "\n",
      "CLASSES\n",
      "    object\n",
      "        BaseException\n",
      "            Exception\n",
      "                ArithmeticError\n",
      "                    FloatingPointError\n",
      "                    OverflowError\n",
      "                    ZeroDivisionError\n",
      "                AssertionError\n",
      "                AttributeError\n",
      "                BufferError\n",
      "                EOFError\n",
      "                ImportError\n",
      "                    ModuleNotFoundError\n",
      "                LookupError\n",
      "                    IndexError\n",
      "                    KeyError\n",
      "                MemoryError\n",
      "                NameError\n",
      "                    UnboundLocalError\n",
      "                OSError\n",
      "                    BlockingIOError\n",
      "                    ChildProcessError\n",
      "                    ConnectionError\n",
      "                        BrokenPipeError\n",
      "                        ConnectionAbortedError\n",
      "                        ConnectionRefusedError\n",
      "                        ConnectionResetError\n",
      "                    FileExistsError\n",
      "                    FileNotFoundError\n",
      "                    InterruptedError\n",
      "                    IsADirectoryError\n",
      "                    NotADirectoryError\n",
      "                    PermissionError\n",
      "                    ProcessLookupError\n",
      "                    TimeoutError\n",
      "                ReferenceError\n",
      "                RuntimeError\n",
      "                    NotImplementedError\n",
      "                    RecursionError\n",
      "                StopAsyncIteration\n",
      "                StopIteration\n",
      "                SyntaxError\n",
      "                    IndentationError\n",
      "                        TabError\n",
      "                SystemError\n",
      "                TypeError\n",
      "                ValueError\n",
      "                    UnicodeError\n",
      "                        UnicodeDecodeError\n",
      "                        UnicodeEncodeError\n",
      "                        UnicodeTranslateError\n",
      "                Warning\n",
      "                    BytesWarning\n",
      "                    DeprecationWarning\n",
      "                    EncodingWarning\n",
      "                    FutureWarning\n",
      "                    ImportWarning\n",
      "                    PendingDeprecationWarning\n",
      "                    ResourceWarning\n",
      "                    RuntimeWarning\n",
      "                    SyntaxWarning\n",
      "                    UnicodeWarning\n",
      "                    UserWarning\n",
      "            GeneratorExit\n",
      "            KeyboardInterrupt\n",
      "            SystemExit\n",
      "        bytearray\n",
      "        bytes\n",
      "        classmethod\n",
      "        complex\n",
      "        dict\n",
      "        enumerate\n",
      "        filter\n",
      "        float\n",
      "        frozenset\n",
      "        int\n",
      "            bool\n",
      "        list\n",
      "        map\n",
      "        memoryview\n",
      "        property\n",
      "        range\n",
      "        reversed\n",
      "        set\n",
      "        slice\n",
      "        staticmethod\n",
      "        str\n",
      "        super\n",
      "        tuple\n",
      "        type\n",
      "        zip\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class ArithmeticError(Exception)\n",
      "     |  Base class for arithmetic errors.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      ArithmeticError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Built-in subclasses:\n",
      "     |      FloatingPointError\n",
      "     |      OverflowError\n",
      "     |      ZeroDivisionError\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class AssertionError(Exception)\n",
      "     |  Assertion failed.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      AssertionError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class AttributeError(Exception)\n",
      "     |  Attribute not found.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      AttributeError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  name\n",
      "     |      attribute name\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  obj\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from Exception:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class BaseException(object)\n",
      "     |  Common base class for all exceptions\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Built-in subclasses:\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      GeneratorExit\n",
      "     |      KeyboardInterrupt\n",
      "     |      SystemExit\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class BlockingIOError(OSError)\n",
      "     |  I/O operation would block.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      BlockingIOError\n",
      "     |      OSError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  characters_written\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  errno\n",
      "     |      POSIX exception code\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename\n",
      "     |      exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename2\n",
      "     |      second exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  strerror\n",
      "     |      exception strerror\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class BrokenPipeError(ConnectionError)\n",
      "     |  Broken pipe.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      BrokenPipeError\n",
      "     |      ConnectionError\n",
      "     |      OSError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  characters_written\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  errno\n",
      "     |      POSIX exception code\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename\n",
      "     |      exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename2\n",
      "     |      second exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  strerror\n",
      "     |      exception strerror\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class BufferError(Exception)\n",
      "     |  Buffer error.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      BufferError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class BytesWarning(Warning)\n",
      "     |  Base class for warnings about bytes and buffer related problems, mostly\n",
      "     |  related to conversion from str or comparing to str.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      BytesWarning\n",
      "     |      Warning\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class ChildProcessError(OSError)\n",
      "     |  Child process error.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      ChildProcessError\n",
      "     |      OSError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  characters_written\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  errno\n",
      "     |      POSIX exception code\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename\n",
      "     |      exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename2\n",
      "     |      second exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  strerror\n",
      "     |      exception strerror\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class ConnectionAbortedError(ConnectionError)\n",
      "     |  Connection aborted.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      ConnectionAbortedError\n",
      "     |      ConnectionError\n",
      "     |      OSError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  characters_written\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  errno\n",
      "     |      POSIX exception code\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename\n",
      "     |      exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename2\n",
      "     |      second exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  strerror\n",
      "     |      exception strerror\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class ConnectionError(OSError)\n",
      "     |  Connection error.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      ConnectionError\n",
      "     |      OSError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Built-in subclasses:\n",
      "     |      BrokenPipeError\n",
      "     |      ConnectionAbortedError\n",
      "     |      ConnectionRefusedError\n",
      "     |      ConnectionResetError\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  characters_written\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  errno\n",
      "     |      POSIX exception code\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename\n",
      "     |      exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename2\n",
      "     |      second exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  strerror\n",
      "     |      exception strerror\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class ConnectionRefusedError(ConnectionError)\n",
      "     |  Connection refused.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      ConnectionRefusedError\n",
      "     |      ConnectionError\n",
      "     |      OSError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  characters_written\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  errno\n",
      "     |      POSIX exception code\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename\n",
      "     |      exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename2\n",
      "     |      second exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  strerror\n",
      "     |      exception strerror\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class ConnectionResetError(ConnectionError)\n",
      "     |  Connection reset.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      ConnectionResetError\n",
      "     |      ConnectionError\n",
      "     |      OSError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  characters_written\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  errno\n",
      "     |      POSIX exception code\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename\n",
      "     |      exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename2\n",
      "     |      second exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  strerror\n",
      "     |      exception strerror\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class DeprecationWarning(Warning)\n",
      "     |  Base class for warnings about deprecated features.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      DeprecationWarning\n",
      "     |      Warning\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class EOFError(Exception)\n",
      "     |  Read beyond end of file.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      EOFError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class EncodingWarning(Warning)\n",
      "     |  Base class for warnings about encodings.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      EncodingWarning\n",
      "     |      Warning\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    EnvironmentError = class OSError(Exception)\n",
      "     |  Base class for I/O related errors.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      OSError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Built-in subclasses:\n",
      "     |      BlockingIOError\n",
      "     |      ChildProcessError\n",
      "     |      ConnectionError\n",
      "     |      FileExistsError\n",
      "     |      ... and 7 other subclasses\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  characters_written\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  errno\n",
      "     |      POSIX exception code\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename\n",
      "     |      exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename2\n",
      "     |      second exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  strerror\n",
      "     |      exception strerror\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class Exception(BaseException)\n",
      "     |  Common base class for all non-exit exceptions.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Built-in subclasses:\n",
      "     |      ArithmeticError\n",
      "     |      AssertionError\n",
      "     |      AttributeError\n",
      "     |      BufferError\n",
      "     |      ... and 15 other subclasses\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class FileExistsError(OSError)\n",
      "     |  File already exists.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      FileExistsError\n",
      "     |      OSError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  characters_written\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  errno\n",
      "     |      POSIX exception code\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename\n",
      "     |      exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename2\n",
      "     |      second exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  strerror\n",
      "     |      exception strerror\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class FileNotFoundError(OSError)\n",
      "     |  File not found.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      FileNotFoundError\n",
      "     |      OSError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  characters_written\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  errno\n",
      "     |      POSIX exception code\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename\n",
      "     |      exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename2\n",
      "     |      second exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  strerror\n",
      "     |      exception strerror\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class FloatingPointError(ArithmeticError)\n",
      "     |  Floating point operation failed.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      FloatingPointError\n",
      "     |      ArithmeticError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class FutureWarning(Warning)\n",
      "     |  Base class for warnings about constructs that will change semantically\n",
      "     |  in the future.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      FutureWarning\n",
      "     |      Warning\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class GeneratorExit(BaseException)\n",
      "     |  Request that a generator exit.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      GeneratorExit\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    IOError = class OSError(Exception)\n",
      "     |  Base class for I/O related errors.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      OSError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Built-in subclasses:\n",
      "     |      BlockingIOError\n",
      "     |      ChildProcessError\n",
      "     |      ConnectionError\n",
      "     |      FileExistsError\n",
      "     |      ... and 7 other subclasses\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  characters_written\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  errno\n",
      "     |      POSIX exception code\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename\n",
      "     |      exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename2\n",
      "     |      second exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  strerror\n",
      "     |      exception strerror\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class ImportError(Exception)\n",
      "     |  Import can't find module, or can't find name in module.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      ImportError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Built-in subclasses:\n",
      "     |      ModuleNotFoundError\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  msg\n",
      "     |      exception message\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  name\n",
      "     |      module name\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  path\n",
      "     |      module path\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from Exception:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class ImportWarning(Warning)\n",
      "     |  Base class for warnings about probable mistakes in module imports\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      ImportWarning\n",
      "     |      Warning\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class IndentationError(SyntaxError)\n",
      "     |  Improper indentation.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      IndentationError\n",
      "     |      SyntaxError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Built-in subclasses:\n",
      "     |      TabError\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from SyntaxError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from SyntaxError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  end_lineno\n",
      "     |      exception end lineno\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  end_offset\n",
      "     |      exception end offset\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename\n",
      "     |      exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  lineno\n",
      "     |      exception lineno\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  msg\n",
      "     |      exception msg\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  offset\n",
      "     |      exception offset\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  print_file_and_line\n",
      "     |      exception print_file_and_line\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  text\n",
      "     |      exception text\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from Exception:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class IndexError(LookupError)\n",
      "     |  Sequence index out of range.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      IndexError\n",
      "     |      LookupError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class InterruptedError(OSError)\n",
      "     |  Interrupted by signal.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      InterruptedError\n",
      "     |      OSError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  characters_written\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  errno\n",
      "     |      POSIX exception code\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename\n",
      "     |      exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename2\n",
      "     |      second exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  strerror\n",
      "     |      exception strerror\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class IsADirectoryError(OSError)\n",
      "     |  Operation doesn't work on directories.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      IsADirectoryError\n",
      "     |      OSError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  characters_written\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  errno\n",
      "     |      POSIX exception code\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename\n",
      "     |      exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename2\n",
      "     |      second exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  strerror\n",
      "     |      exception strerror\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class KeyError(LookupError)\n",
      "     |  Mapping key not found.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      KeyError\n",
      "     |      LookupError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from LookupError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class KeyboardInterrupt(BaseException)\n",
      "     |  Program interrupted by user.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      KeyboardInterrupt\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class LookupError(Exception)\n",
      "     |  Base class for lookup errors.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      LookupError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Built-in subclasses:\n",
      "     |      IndexError\n",
      "     |      KeyError\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class MemoryError(Exception)\n",
      "     |  Out of memory.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      MemoryError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class ModuleNotFoundError(ImportError)\n",
      "     |  Module not found.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      ModuleNotFoundError\n",
      "     |      ImportError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from ImportError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from ImportError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  msg\n",
      "     |      exception message\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  name\n",
      "     |      module name\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  path\n",
      "     |      module path\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from Exception:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class NameError(Exception)\n",
      "     |  Name not found globally.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      NameError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Built-in subclasses:\n",
      "     |      UnboundLocalError\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  name\n",
      "     |      name\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from Exception:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class NotADirectoryError(OSError)\n",
      "     |  Operation only works on directories.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      NotADirectoryError\n",
      "     |      OSError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  characters_written\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  errno\n",
      "     |      POSIX exception code\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename\n",
      "     |      exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename2\n",
      "     |      second exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  strerror\n",
      "     |      exception strerror\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class NotImplementedError(RuntimeError)\n",
      "     |  Method or function hasn't been implemented yet.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      NotImplementedError\n",
      "     |      RuntimeError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class OSError(Exception)\n",
      "     |  Base class for I/O related errors.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      OSError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Built-in subclasses:\n",
      "     |      BlockingIOError\n",
      "     |      ChildProcessError\n",
      "     |      ConnectionError\n",
      "     |      FileExistsError\n",
      "     |      ... and 7 other subclasses\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  characters_written\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  errno\n",
      "     |      POSIX exception code\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename\n",
      "     |      exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename2\n",
      "     |      second exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  strerror\n",
      "     |      exception strerror\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class OverflowError(ArithmeticError)\n",
      "     |  Result too large to be represented.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      OverflowError\n",
      "     |      ArithmeticError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class PendingDeprecationWarning(Warning)\n",
      "     |  Base class for warnings about features which will be deprecated\n",
      "     |  in the future.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      PendingDeprecationWarning\n",
      "     |      Warning\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class PermissionError(OSError)\n",
      "     |  Not enough permissions.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      PermissionError\n",
      "     |      OSError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  characters_written\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  errno\n",
      "     |      POSIX exception code\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename\n",
      "     |      exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename2\n",
      "     |      second exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  strerror\n",
      "     |      exception strerror\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class ProcessLookupError(OSError)\n",
      "     |  Process not found.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      ProcessLookupError\n",
      "     |      OSError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  characters_written\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  errno\n",
      "     |      POSIX exception code\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename\n",
      "     |      exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename2\n",
      "     |      second exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  strerror\n",
      "     |      exception strerror\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class RecursionError(RuntimeError)\n",
      "     |  Recursion limit exceeded.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      RecursionError\n",
      "     |      RuntimeError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class ReferenceError(Exception)\n",
      "     |  Weak ref proxy used after referent went away.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      ReferenceError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class ResourceWarning(Warning)\n",
      "     |  Base class for warnings about resource usage.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      ResourceWarning\n",
      "     |      Warning\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class RuntimeError(Exception)\n",
      "     |  Unspecified run-time error.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      RuntimeError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Built-in subclasses:\n",
      "     |      NotImplementedError\n",
      "     |      RecursionError\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class RuntimeWarning(Warning)\n",
      "     |  Base class for warnings about dubious runtime behavior.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      RuntimeWarning\n",
      "     |      Warning\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class StopAsyncIteration(Exception)\n",
      "     |  Signal the end from iterator.__anext__().\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      StopAsyncIteration\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class StopIteration(Exception)\n",
      "     |  Signal the end from iterator.__next__().\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      StopIteration\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  value\n",
      "     |      generator return value\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from Exception:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class SyntaxError(Exception)\n",
      "     |  Invalid syntax.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      SyntaxError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Built-in subclasses:\n",
      "     |      IndentationError\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  end_lineno\n",
      "     |      exception end lineno\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  end_offset\n",
      "     |      exception end offset\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename\n",
      "     |      exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  lineno\n",
      "     |      exception lineno\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  msg\n",
      "     |      exception msg\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  offset\n",
      "     |      exception offset\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  print_file_and_line\n",
      "     |      exception print_file_and_line\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  text\n",
      "     |      exception text\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from Exception:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class SyntaxWarning(Warning)\n",
      "     |  Base class for warnings about dubious syntax.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      SyntaxWarning\n",
      "     |      Warning\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class SystemError(Exception)\n",
      "     |  Internal error in the Python interpreter.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Please report this to the Python maintainer, along with the traceback,\n",
      "     |  the Python version, and the hardware/OS platform and version.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      SystemError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class SystemExit(BaseException)\n",
      "     |  Request to exit from the interpreter.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      SystemExit\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  code\n",
      "     |      exception code\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class TabError(IndentationError)\n",
      "     |  Improper mixture of spaces and tabs.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      TabError\n",
      "     |      IndentationError\n",
      "     |      SyntaxError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from SyntaxError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from SyntaxError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  end_lineno\n",
      "     |      exception end lineno\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  end_offset\n",
      "     |      exception end offset\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename\n",
      "     |      exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  lineno\n",
      "     |      exception lineno\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  msg\n",
      "     |      exception msg\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  offset\n",
      "     |      exception offset\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  print_file_and_line\n",
      "     |      exception print_file_and_line\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  text\n",
      "     |      exception text\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from Exception:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class TimeoutError(OSError)\n",
      "     |  Timeout expired.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      TimeoutError\n",
      "     |      OSError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from OSError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  characters_written\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  errno\n",
      "     |      POSIX exception code\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename\n",
      "     |      exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  filename2\n",
      "     |      second exception filename\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  strerror\n",
      "     |      exception strerror\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class TypeError(Exception)\n",
      "     |  Inappropriate argument type.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      TypeError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class UnboundLocalError(NameError)\n",
      "     |  Local name referenced but not bound to a value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      UnboundLocalError\n",
      "     |      NameError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from NameError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from NameError:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  name\n",
      "     |      name\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods inherited from Exception:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class UnicodeDecodeError(UnicodeError)\n",
      "     |  Unicode decoding error.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      UnicodeDecodeError\n",
      "     |      UnicodeError\n",
      "     |      ValueError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  encoding\n",
      "     |      exception encoding\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  end\n",
      "     |      exception end\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  object\n",
      "     |      exception object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  reason\n",
      "     |      exception reason\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  start\n",
      "     |      exception start\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class UnicodeEncodeError(UnicodeError)\n",
      "     |  Unicode encoding error.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      UnicodeEncodeError\n",
      "     |      UnicodeError\n",
      "     |      ValueError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  encoding\n",
      "     |      exception encoding\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  end\n",
      "     |      exception end\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  object\n",
      "     |      exception object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  reason\n",
      "     |      exception reason\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  start\n",
      "     |      exception start\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class UnicodeError(ValueError)\n",
      "     |  Unicode related error.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      UnicodeError\n",
      "     |      ValueError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Built-in subclasses:\n",
      "     |      UnicodeDecodeError\n",
      "     |      UnicodeEncodeError\n",
      "     |      UnicodeTranslateError\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class UnicodeTranslateError(UnicodeError)\n",
      "     |  Unicode translation error.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      UnicodeTranslateError\n",
      "     |      UnicodeError\n",
      "     |      ValueError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  encoding\n",
      "     |      exception encoding\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  end\n",
      "     |      exception end\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  object\n",
      "     |      exception object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  reason\n",
      "     |      exception reason\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  start\n",
      "     |      exception start\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class UnicodeWarning(Warning)\n",
      "     |  Base class for warnings about Unicode related problems, mostly\n",
      "     |  related to conversion problems.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      UnicodeWarning\n",
      "     |      Warning\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class UserWarning(Warning)\n",
      "     |  Base class for warnings generated by user code.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      UserWarning\n",
      "     |      Warning\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class ValueError(Exception)\n",
      "     |  Inappropriate argument value (of correct type).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      ValueError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Built-in subclasses:\n",
      "     |      UnicodeError\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class Warning(Exception)\n",
      "     |  Base class for warning categories.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      Warning\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Built-in subclasses:\n",
      "     |      BytesWarning\n",
      "     |      DeprecationWarning\n",
      "     |      EncodingWarning\n",
      "     |      FutureWarning\n",
      "     |      ... and 7 other subclasses\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class ZeroDivisionError(ArithmeticError)\n",
      "     |  Second argument to a division or modulo operation was zero.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      ZeroDivisionError\n",
      "     |      ArithmeticError\n",
      "     |      Exception\n",
      "     |      BaseException\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  with_traceback(...)\n",
      "     |      Exception.with_traceback(tb) --\n",
      "     |      set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from BaseException:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __cause__\n",
      "     |      exception cause\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __context__\n",
      "     |      exception context\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __suppress_context__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __traceback__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  args\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class bool(int)\n",
      "     |  bool(x) -> bool\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Returns True when the argument x is true, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |  The builtins True and False are the only two instances of the class bool.\n",
      "     |  The class bool is a subclass of the class int, and cannot be subclassed.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Method resolution order:\n",
      "     |      bool\n",
      "     |      int\n",
      "     |      object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __and__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self&value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __or__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self|value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rand__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value&self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ror__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value|self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rxor__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value^self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __xor__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self^value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Methods inherited from int:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __abs__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      abs(self)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __add__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self+value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __bool__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      True if self else False\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ceil__(...)\n",
      "     |      Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __divmod__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return divmod(self, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __eq__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self==value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __float__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      float(self)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __floor__(...)\n",
      "     |      Flooring an Integral returns itself.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __floordiv__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self//value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __format__(self, format_spec, /)\n",
      "     |      Default object formatter.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ge__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getnewargs__(self, /)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __gt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __hash__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return hash(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __index__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __int__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      int(self)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __invert__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      ~self\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __le__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __lshift__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<<value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __lt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __mod__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self%value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __mul__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self*value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ne__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self!=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __neg__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      -self\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __pos__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      +self\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)\n",
      "     |      Return pow(self, value, mod).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __radd__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value+self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rdivmod__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return divmod(value, self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value//self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rlshift__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value<<self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rmod__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value%self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rmul__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value*self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __round__(...)\n",
      "     |      Rounding an Integral returns itself.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)\n",
      "     |      Return pow(value, self, mod).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rrshift__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value>>self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rshift__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>>value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rsub__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value-self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rtruediv__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value/self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __sizeof__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Returns size in memory, in bytes.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __sub__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self-value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __truediv__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self/value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __trunc__(...)\n",
      "     |      Truncating an Integral returns itself.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  as_integer_ratio(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return integer ratio.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is exactly equal to the original int\n",
      "     |      and with a positive denominator.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()\n",
      "     |      (10, 1)\n",
      "     |      >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()\n",
      "     |      (-10, 1)\n",
      "     |      >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()\n",
      "     |      (0, 1)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  bit_count(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Also known as the population count.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      >>> bin(13)\n",
      "     |      '0b1101'\n",
      "     |      >>> (13).bit_count()\n",
      "     |      3\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  bit_length(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      >>> bin(37)\n",
      "     |      '0b100101'\n",
      "     |      >>> (37).bit_length()\n",
      "     |      6\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  conjugate(...)\n",
      "     |      Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  to_bytes(self, /, length, byteorder, *, signed=False)\n",
      "     |      Return an array of bytes representing an integer.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      length\n",
      "     |        Length of bytes object to use.  An OverflowError is raised if the\n",
      "     |        integer is not representable with the given number of bytes.\n",
      "     |      byteorder\n",
      "     |        The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',\n",
      "     |        the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If\n",
      "     |        byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the\n",
      "     |        byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use\n",
      "     |        `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.\n",
      "     |      signed\n",
      "     |        Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.\n",
      "     |        If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError\n",
      "     |        is raised.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Class methods inherited from int:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  from_bytes(bytes, byteorder, *, signed=False) from type\n",
      "     |      Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      bytes\n",
      "     |        Holds the array of bytes to convert.  The argument must either\n",
      "     |        support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.\n",
      "     |        Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the\n",
      "     |        buffer protocol.\n",
      "     |      byteorder\n",
      "     |        The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',\n",
      "     |        the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If\n",
      "     |        byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the\n",
      "     |        byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use\n",
      "     |        `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.\n",
      "     |      signed\n",
      "     |        Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors inherited from int:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  denominator\n",
      "     |      the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  imag\n",
      "     |      the imaginary part of a complex number\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  numerator\n",
      "     |      the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  real\n",
      "     |      the real part of a complex number\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class bytearray(object)\n",
      "     |  bytearray(iterable_of_ints) -> bytearray\n",
      "     |  bytearray(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytearray\n",
      "     |  bytearray(bytes_or_buffer) -> mutable copy of bytes_or_buffer\n",
      "     |  bytearray(int) -> bytes array of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes\n",
      "     |  bytearray() -> empty bytes array\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Construct a mutable bytearray object from:\n",
      "     |    - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)\n",
      "     |    - a text string encoded using the specified encoding\n",
      "     |    - a bytes or a buffer object\n",
      "     |    - any object implementing the buffer API.\n",
      "     |    - an integer\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __add__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self+value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __alloc__(...)\n",
      "     |      B.__alloc__() -> int\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return the number of bytes actually allocated.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __contains__(self, key, /)\n",
      "     |      Return key in self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delitem__(self, key, /)\n",
      "     |      Delete self[key].\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __eq__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self==value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ge__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getitem__(self, key, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self[key].\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __gt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __iadd__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement self+=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __imul__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement self*=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __iter__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement iter(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __le__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __len__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return len(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __lt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __mod__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self%value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __mul__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self*value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ne__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self!=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return state information for pickling.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce_ex__(self, proto=0, /)\n",
      "     |      Return state information for pickling.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rmod__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value%self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rmul__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value*self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setitem__(self, key, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Set self[key] to value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __sizeof__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Returns the size of the bytearray object in memory, in bytes.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  append(self, item, /)\n",
      "     |      Append a single item to the end of the bytearray.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      item\n",
      "     |        The item to be appended.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  capitalize(...)\n",
      "     |      B.capitalize() -> copy of B\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)\n",
      "     |      and the rest lower-cased.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)\n",
      "     |      Return a centered string of length width.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  clear(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Remove all items from the bytearray.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  copy(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a copy of B.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  count(...)\n",
      "     |      B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in\n",
      "     |      bytes B[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted\n",
      "     |      as in slice notation.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')\n",
      "     |      Decode the bytearray using the codec registered for encoding.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      encoding\n",
      "     |        The encoding with which to decode the bytearray.\n",
      "     |      errors\n",
      "     |        The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.\n",
      "     |        The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a\n",
      "     |        UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'\n",
      "     |        as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that\n",
      "     |        can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  endswith(...)\n",
      "     |      B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.\n",
      "     |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.\n",
      "     |      suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)\n",
      "     |      Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  extend(self, iterable_of_ints, /)\n",
      "     |      Append all the items from the iterator or sequence to the end of the bytearray.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      iterable_of_ints\n",
      "     |        The iterable of items to append.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  find(...)\n",
      "     |      B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,\n",
      "     |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional\n",
      "     |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return -1 on failure.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  hex(...)\n",
      "     |      Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytearray object.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |        sep\n",
      "     |          An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.\n",
      "     |        bytes_per_sep\n",
      "     |          How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the\n",
      "     |          right, negative values count from the left.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Example:\n",
      "     |      >>> value = bytearray([0xb9, 0x01, 0xef])\n",
      "     |      >>> value.hex()\n",
      "     |      'b901ef'\n",
      "     |      >>> value.hex(':')\n",
      "     |      'b9:01:ef'\n",
      "     |      >>> value.hex(':', 2)\n",
      "     |      'b9:01ef'\n",
      "     |      >>> value.hex(':', -2)\n",
      "     |      'b901:ef'\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  index(...)\n",
      "     |      B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,\n",
      "     |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional\n",
      "     |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  insert(self, index, item, /)\n",
      "     |      Insert a single item into the bytearray before the given index.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      index\n",
      "     |        The index where the value is to be inserted.\n",
      "     |      item\n",
      "     |        The item to be inserted.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  isalnum(...)\n",
      "     |      B.isalnum() -> bool\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric\n",
      "     |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  isalpha(...)\n",
      "     |      B.isalpha() -> bool\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic\n",
      "     |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  isascii(...)\n",
      "     |      B.isascii() -> bool\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,\n",
      "     |      False otherwise.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  isdigit(...)\n",
      "     |      B.isdigit() -> bool\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return True if all characters in B are digits\n",
      "     |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  islower(...)\n",
      "     |      B.islower() -> bool\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is\n",
      "     |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  isspace(...)\n",
      "     |      B.isspace() -> bool\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return True if all characters in B are whitespace\n",
      "     |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  istitle(...)\n",
      "     |      B.istitle() -> bool\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one\n",
      "     |      character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased\n",
      "     |      characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False\n",
      "     |      otherwise.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  isupper(...)\n",
      "     |      B.isupper() -> bool\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is\n",
      "     |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)\n",
      "     |      Concatenate any number of bytes/bytearray objects.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      The bytearray whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      The result is returned as a new bytearray object.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)\n",
      "     |      Return a left-justified string of length width.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  lower(...)\n",
      "     |      B.lower() -> copy of B\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)\n",
      "     |      Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading ASCII whitespace.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  partition(self, sep, /)\n",
      "     |      Partition the bytearray into three parts using the given separator.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytearray. If the separator is\n",
      "     |      found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the\n",
      "     |      separator itself, and the part after it as new bytearray objects.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the copy of the\n",
      "     |      original bytearray object and two empty bytearray objects.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  pop(self, index=-1, /)\n",
      "     |      Remove and return a single item from B.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |        index\n",
      "     |          The index from where to remove the item.\n",
      "     |          -1 (the default value) means remove the last item.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If no index argument is given, will pop the last item.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  remove(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Remove the first occurrence of a value in the bytearray.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      value\n",
      "     |        The value to remove.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  removeprefix(self, prefix, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a bytearray with the given prefix string removed if present.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If the bytearray starts with the prefix string, return\n",
      "     |      bytearray[len(prefix):].  Otherwise, return a copy of the original\n",
      "     |      bytearray.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  removesuffix(self, suffix, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a bytearray with the given suffix string removed if present.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If the bytearray ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not\n",
      "     |      empty, return bytearray[:-len(suffix)].  Otherwise, return a copy of\n",
      "     |      the original bytearray.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |        count\n",
      "     |          Maximum number of occurrences to replace.\n",
      "     |          -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are\n",
      "     |      replaced.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  reverse(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Reverse the order of the values in B in place.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  rfind(...)\n",
      "     |      B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,\n",
      "     |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional\n",
      "     |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return -1 on failure.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  rindex(...)\n",
      "     |      B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,\n",
      "     |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional\n",
      "     |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)\n",
      "     |      Return a right-justified string of length width.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  rpartition(self, sep, /)\n",
      "     |      Partition the bytearray into three parts using the given separator.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytearray, starting at the end.\n",
      "     |      If the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the\n",
      "     |      separator, the separator itself, and the part after it as new bytearray\n",
      "     |      objects.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytearray\n",
      "     |      objects and the copy of the original bytearray object.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)\n",
      "     |      Return a list of the sections in the bytearray, using sep as the delimiter.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |        sep\n",
      "     |          The delimiter according which to split the bytearray.\n",
      "     |          None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters\n",
      "     |          (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).\n",
      "     |        maxsplit\n",
      "     |          Maximum number of splits to do.\n",
      "     |          -1 (the default value) means no limit.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytearray and working to the front.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)\n",
      "     |      Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)\n",
      "     |      Return a list of the sections in the bytearray, using sep as the delimiter.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      sep\n",
      "     |        The delimiter according which to split the bytearray.\n",
      "     |        None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters\n",
      "     |        (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).\n",
      "     |      maxsplit\n",
      "     |        Maximum number of splits to do.\n",
      "     |        -1 (the default value) means no limit.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)\n",
      "     |      Return a list of the lines in the bytearray, breaking at line boundaries.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and\n",
      "     |      true.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  startswith(...)\n",
      "     |      B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.\n",
      "     |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.\n",
      "     |      prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  strip(self, bytes=None, /)\n",
      "     |      Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  swapcase(...)\n",
      "     |      B.swapcase() -> copy of B\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted\n",
      "     |      to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  title(...)\n",
      "     |      B.title() -> copy of B\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase\n",
      "     |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')\n",
      "     |      Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |        table\n",
      "     |          Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.\n",
      "     |      The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  upper(...)\n",
      "     |      B.upper() -> copy of B\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  zfill(self, width, /)\n",
      "     |      Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      The original string is never truncated.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Class methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  fromhex(string, /) from type\n",
      "     |      Create a bytearray object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Spaces between two numbers are accepted.\n",
      "     |      Example: bytearray.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> bytearray(b'\\\\xb9\\\\x01\\\\xef')\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  maketrans(frm, to, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at\n",
      "     |      the same position in to.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data and other attributes defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __hash__ = None\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class bytes(object)\n",
      "     |  bytes(iterable_of_ints) -> bytes\n",
      "     |  bytes(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytes\n",
      "     |  bytes(bytes_or_buffer) -> immutable copy of bytes_or_buffer\n",
      "     |  bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes\n",
      "     |  bytes() -> empty bytes object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Construct an immutable array of bytes from:\n",
      "     |    - an iterable yielding integers in range(256)\n",
      "     |    - a text string encoded using the specified encoding\n",
      "     |    - any object implementing the buffer API.\n",
      "     |    - an integer\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __add__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self+value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __contains__(self, key, /)\n",
      "     |      Return key in self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __eq__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self==value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ge__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getitem__(self, key, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self[key].\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getnewargs__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __gt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __hash__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return hash(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __iter__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement iter(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __le__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __len__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return len(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __lt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __mod__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self%value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __mul__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self*value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ne__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self!=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rmod__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value%self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rmul__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value*self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  capitalize(...)\n",
      "     |      B.capitalize() -> copy of B\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return a copy of B with only its first character capitalized (ASCII)\n",
      "     |      and the rest lower-cased.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  center(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)\n",
      "     |      Return a centered string of length width.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  count(...)\n",
      "     |      B.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in\n",
      "     |      bytes B[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted\n",
      "     |      as in slice notation.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  decode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')\n",
      "     |      Decode the bytes using the codec registered for encoding.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      encoding\n",
      "     |        The encoding with which to decode the bytes.\n",
      "     |      errors\n",
      "     |        The error handling scheme to use for the handling of decoding errors.\n",
      "     |        The default is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise a\n",
      "     |        UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'\n",
      "     |        as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that\n",
      "     |        can handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  endswith(...)\n",
      "     |      B.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.\n",
      "     |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.\n",
      "     |      suffix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)\n",
      "     |      Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  find(...)\n",
      "     |      B.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,\n",
      "     |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional\n",
      "     |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return -1 on failure.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  hex(...)\n",
      "     |      Create a string of hexadecimal numbers from a bytes object.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |        sep\n",
      "     |          An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.\n",
      "     |        bytes_per_sep\n",
      "     |          How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the\n",
      "     |          right, negative values count from the left.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Example:\n",
      "     |      >>> value = b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef'\n",
      "     |      >>> value.hex()\n",
      "     |      'b901ef'\n",
      "     |      >>> value.hex(':')\n",
      "     |      'b9:01:ef'\n",
      "     |      >>> value.hex(':', 2)\n",
      "     |      'b9:01ef'\n",
      "     |      >>> value.hex(':', -2)\n",
      "     |      'b901:ef'\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  index(...)\n",
      "     |      B.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,\n",
      "     |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional\n",
      "     |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Raises ValueError when the subsection is not found.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  isalnum(...)\n",
      "     |      B.isalnum() -> bool\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return True if all characters in B are alphanumeric\n",
      "     |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  isalpha(...)\n",
      "     |      B.isalpha() -> bool\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return True if all characters in B are alphabetic\n",
      "     |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  isascii(...)\n",
      "     |      B.isascii() -> bool\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return True if B is empty or all characters in B are ASCII,\n",
      "     |      False otherwise.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  isdigit(...)\n",
      "     |      B.isdigit() -> bool\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return True if all characters in B are digits\n",
      "     |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  islower(...)\n",
      "     |      B.islower() -> bool\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return True if all cased characters in B are lowercase and there is\n",
      "     |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  isspace(...)\n",
      "     |      B.isspace() -> bool\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return True if all characters in B are whitespace\n",
      "     |      and there is at least one character in B, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  istitle(...)\n",
      "     |      B.istitle() -> bool\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return True if B is a titlecased string and there is at least one\n",
      "     |      character in B, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased\n",
      "     |      characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False\n",
      "     |      otherwise.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  isupper(...)\n",
      "     |      B.isupper() -> bool\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return True if all cased characters in B are uppercase and there is\n",
      "     |      at least one cased character in B, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  join(self, iterable_of_bytes, /)\n",
      "     |      Concatenate any number of bytes objects.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      The bytes whose method is called is inserted in between each pair.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      The result is returned as a new bytes object.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Example: b'.'.join([b'ab', b'pq', b'rs']) -> b'ab.pq.rs'.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ljust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)\n",
      "     |      Return a left-justified string of length width.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  lower(...)\n",
      "     |      B.lower() -> copy of B\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to lowercase.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  lstrip(self, bytes=None, /)\n",
      "     |      Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading  ASCII whitespace.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  partition(self, sep, /)\n",
      "     |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes. If the separator is found,\n",
      "     |      returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator\n",
      "     |      itself, and the part after it.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original bytes\n",
      "     |      object and two empty bytes objects.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  removeprefix(self, prefix, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a bytes object with the given prefix string removed if present.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If the bytes starts with the prefix string, return bytes[len(prefix):].\n",
      "     |      Otherwise, return a copy of the original bytes.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  removesuffix(self, suffix, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a bytes object with the given suffix string removed if present.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If the bytes ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,\n",
      "     |      return bytes[:-len(prefix)].  Otherwise, return a copy of the original\n",
      "     |      bytes.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |        count\n",
      "     |          Maximum number of occurrences to replace.\n",
      "     |          -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are\n",
      "     |      replaced.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  rfind(...)\n",
      "     |      B.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,\n",
      "     |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional\n",
      "     |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return -1 on failure.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  rindex(...)\n",
      "     |      B.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,\n",
      "     |      such that sub is contained within B[start,end].  Optional\n",
      "     |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Raise ValueError when the subsection is not found.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  rjust(self, width, fillchar=b' ', /)\n",
      "     |      Return a right-justified string of length width.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Padding is done using the specified fill character.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  rpartition(self, sep, /)\n",
      "     |      Partition the bytes into three parts using the given separator.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      This will search for the separator sep in the bytes, starting at the end. If\n",
      "     |      the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the\n",
      "     |      separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes\n",
      "     |      objects and the original bytes object.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)\n",
      "     |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |        sep\n",
      "     |          The delimiter according which to split the bytes.\n",
      "     |          None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters\n",
      "     |          (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).\n",
      "     |        maxsplit\n",
      "     |          Maximum number of splits to do.\n",
      "     |          -1 (the default value) means no limit.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Splitting is done starting at the end of the bytes and working to the front.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  rstrip(self, bytes=None, /)\n",
      "     |      Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip trailing ASCII whitespace.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)\n",
      "     |      Return a list of the sections in the bytes, using sep as the delimiter.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      sep\n",
      "     |        The delimiter according which to split the bytes.\n",
      "     |        None (the default value) means split on ASCII whitespace characters\n",
      "     |        (space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).\n",
      "     |      maxsplit\n",
      "     |        Maximum number of splits to do.\n",
      "     |        -1 (the default value) means no limit.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)\n",
      "     |      Return a list of the lines in the bytes, breaking at line boundaries.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and\n",
      "     |      true.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  startswith(...)\n",
      "     |      B.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |      With optional start, test B beginning at that position.\n",
      "     |      With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.\n",
      "     |      prefix can also be a tuple of bytes to try.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  strip(self, bytes=None, /)\n",
      "     |      Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If the argument is omitted or None, strip leading and trailing ASCII whitespace.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  swapcase(...)\n",
      "     |      B.swapcase() -> copy of B\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return a copy of B with uppercase ASCII characters converted\n",
      "     |      to lowercase ASCII and vice versa.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  title(...)\n",
      "     |      B.title() -> copy of B\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return a titlecased version of B, i.e. ASCII words start with uppercase\n",
      "     |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  translate(self, table, /, delete=b'')\n",
      "     |      Return a copy with each character mapped by the given translation table.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |        table\n",
      "     |          Translation table, which must be a bytes object of length 256.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      All characters occurring in the optional argument delete are removed.\n",
      "     |      The remaining characters are mapped through the given translation table.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  upper(...)\n",
      "     |      B.upper() -> copy of B\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return a copy of B with all ASCII characters converted to uppercase.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  zfill(self, width, /)\n",
      "     |      Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      The original string is never truncated.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Class methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  fromhex(string, /) from type\n",
      "     |      Create a bytes object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Spaces between two numbers are accepted.\n",
      "     |      Example: bytes.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> b'\\\\xb9\\\\x01\\\\xef'.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  maketrans(frm, to, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a translation table useable for the bytes or bytearray translate method.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      The returned table will be one where each byte in frm is mapped to the byte at\n",
      "     |      the same position in to.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      The bytes objects frm and to must be of the same length.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class classmethod(object)\n",
      "     |  classmethod(function) -> method\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Convert a function to be a class method.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  A class method receives the class as implicit first argument,\n",
      "     |  just like an instance method receives the instance.\n",
      "     |  To declare a class method, use this idiom:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |    class C:\n",
      "     |        @classmethod\n",
      "     |        def f(cls, arg1, arg2, ...):\n",
      "     |            ...\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance\n",
      "     |  (e.g. C().f()).  The instance is ignored except for its class.\n",
      "     |  If a class method is called for a derived class, the derived class\n",
      "     |  object is passed as the implied first argument.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Class methods are different than C++ or Java static methods.\n",
      "     |  If you want those, see the staticmethod builtin.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __get__(self, instance, owner=None, /)\n",
      "     |      Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __func__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __isabstractmethod__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __wrapped__\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class complex(object)\n",
      "     |  complex(real=0, imag=0)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Create a complex number from a real part and an optional imaginary part.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  This is equivalent to (real + imag*1j) where imag defaults to 0.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __abs__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      abs(self)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __add__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self+value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __bool__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      True if self else False\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __eq__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self==value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __format__(self, format_spec, /)\n",
      "     |      Convert to a string according to format_spec.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ge__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getnewargs__(self, /)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __gt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __hash__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return hash(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __le__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __lt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __mul__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self*value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ne__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self!=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __neg__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      -self\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __pos__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      +self\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)\n",
      "     |      Return pow(self, value, mod).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __radd__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value+self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rmul__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value*self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)\n",
      "     |      Return pow(value, self, mod).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rsub__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value-self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rtruediv__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value/self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __sub__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self-value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __truediv__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self/value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  conjugate(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return the complex conjugate of its argument. (3-4j).conjugate() == 3+4j.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  imag\n",
      "     |      the imaginary part of a complex number\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  real\n",
      "     |      the real part of a complex number\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class dict(object)\n",
      "     |  dict() -> new empty dictionary\n",
      "     |  dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's\n",
      "     |      (key, value) pairs\n",
      "     |  dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:\n",
      "     |      d = {}\n",
      "     |      for k, v in iterable:\n",
      "     |          d[k] = v\n",
      "     |  dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs\n",
      "     |      in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Built-in subclasses:\n",
      "     |      StgDict\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __contains__(self, key, /)\n",
      "     |      True if the dictionary has the specified key, else False.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delitem__(self, key, /)\n",
      "     |      Delete self[key].\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __eq__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self==value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ge__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getitem__(...)\n",
      "     |      x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __gt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ior__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self|=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __iter__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement iter(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __le__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __len__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return len(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __lt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ne__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self!=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __or__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self|value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reversed__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a reverse iterator over the dict keys.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ror__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value|self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setitem__(self, key, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Set self[key] to value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __sizeof__(...)\n",
      "     |      D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  clear(...)\n",
      "     |      D.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from D.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  copy(...)\n",
      "     |      D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  get(self, key, default=None, /)\n",
      "     |      Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  items(...)\n",
      "     |      D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  keys(...)\n",
      "     |      D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  pop(...)\n",
      "     |      D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If the key is not found, return the default if given; otherwise,\n",
      "     |      raise a KeyError.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  popitem(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Remove and return a (key, value) pair as a 2-tuple.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Pairs are returned in LIFO (last-in, first-out) order.\n",
      "     |      Raises KeyError if the dict is empty.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  setdefault(self, key, default=None, /)\n",
      "     |      Insert key with a value of default if key is not in the dictionary.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  update(...)\n",
      "     |      D.update([E, ]**F) -> None.  Update D from dict/iterable E and F.\n",
      "     |      If E is present and has a .keys() method, then does:  for k in E: D[k] = E[k]\n",
      "     |      If E is present and lacks a .keys() method, then does:  for k, v in E: D[k] = v\n",
      "     |      In either case, this is followed by: for k in F:  D[k] = F[k]\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  values(...)\n",
      "     |      D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Class methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __class_getitem__(...) from type\n",
      "     |      See PEP 585\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  fromkeys(iterable, value=None, /) from type\n",
      "     |      Create a new dictionary with keys from iterable and values set to value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data and other attributes defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __hash__ = None\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class enumerate(object)\n",
      "     |  enumerate(iterable, start=0)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Return an enumerate object.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |    iterable\n",
      "     |      an object supporting iteration\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  The enumerate object yields pairs containing a count (from start, which\n",
      "     |  defaults to zero) and a value yielded by the iterable argument.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  enumerate is useful for obtaining an indexed list:\n",
      "     |      (0, seq[0]), (1, seq[1]), (2, seq[2]), ...\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __iter__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement iter(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __next__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement next(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Return state information for pickling.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Class methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __class_getitem__(...) from type\n",
      "     |      See PEP 585\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class filter(object)\n",
      "     |  filter(function or None, iterable) --> filter object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Return an iterator yielding those items of iterable for which function(item)\n",
      "     |  is true. If function is None, return the items that are true.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __iter__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement iter(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __next__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement next(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Return state information for pickling.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class float(object)\n",
      "     |  float(x=0, /)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Convert a string or number to a floating point number, if possible.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __abs__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      abs(self)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __add__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self+value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __bool__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      True if self else False\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ceil__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return the ceiling as an Integral.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __divmod__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return divmod(self, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __eq__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self==value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __float__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      float(self)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __floor__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return the floor as an Integral.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __floordiv__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self//value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __format__(self, format_spec, /)\n",
      "     |      Formats the float according to format_spec.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ge__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getnewargs__(self, /)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __gt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __hash__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return hash(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __int__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      int(self)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __le__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __lt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __mod__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self%value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __mul__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self*value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ne__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self!=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __neg__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      -self\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __pos__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      +self\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)\n",
      "     |      Return pow(self, value, mod).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __radd__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value+self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rdivmod__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return divmod(value, self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value//self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rmod__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value%self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rmul__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value*self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __round__(self, ndigits=None, /)\n",
      "     |      Return the Integral closest to x, rounding half toward even.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      When an argument is passed, work like built-in round(x, ndigits).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)\n",
      "     |      Return pow(value, self, mod).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rsub__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value-self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rtruediv__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value/self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __sub__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self-value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __truediv__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self/value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __trunc__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return the Integral closest to x between 0 and x.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  as_integer_ratio(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return integer ratio.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is exactly equal to the original float\n",
      "     |      and with a positive denominator.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Raise OverflowError on infinities and a ValueError on NaNs.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      >>> (10.0).as_integer_ratio()\n",
      "     |      (10, 1)\n",
      "     |      >>> (0.0).as_integer_ratio()\n",
      "     |      (0, 1)\n",
      "     |      >>> (-.25).as_integer_ratio()\n",
      "     |      (-1, 4)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  conjugate(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self, the complex conjugate of any float.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  hex(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a hexadecimal representation of a floating-point number.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      >>> (-0.1).hex()\n",
      "     |      '-0x1.999999999999ap-4'\n",
      "     |      >>> 3.14159.hex()\n",
      "     |      '0x1.921f9f01b866ep+1'\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  is_integer(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return True if the float is an integer.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Class methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getformat__(typestr, /) from type\n",
      "     |      You probably don't want to use this function.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |        typestr\n",
      "     |          Must be 'double' or 'float'.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      It exists mainly to be used in Python's test suite.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      This function returns whichever of 'unknown', 'IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE,\n",
      "     |      little-endian' best describes the format of floating point numbers used by the\n",
      "     |      C type named by typestr.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setformat__(typestr, fmt, /) from type\n",
      "     |      You probably don't want to use this function.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |        typestr\n",
      "     |          Must be 'double' or 'float'.\n",
      "     |        fmt\n",
      "     |          Must be one of 'unknown', 'IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE, little-endian',\n",
      "     |          and in addition can only be one of the latter two if it appears to\n",
      "     |          match the underlying C reality.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      It exists mainly to be used in Python's test suite.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Override the automatic determination of C-level floating point type.\n",
      "     |      This affects how floats are converted to and from binary strings.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  fromhex(string, /) from type\n",
      "     |      Create a floating-point number from a hexadecimal string.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      >>> float.fromhex('0x1.ffffp10')\n",
      "     |      2047.984375\n",
      "     |      >>> float.fromhex('-0x1p-1074')\n",
      "     |      -5e-324\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  imag\n",
      "     |      the imaginary part of a complex number\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  real\n",
      "     |      the real part of a complex number\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class frozenset(object)\n",
      "     |  frozenset() -> empty frozenset object\n",
      "     |  frozenset(iterable) -> frozenset object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Build an immutable unordered collection of unique elements.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __and__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self&value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __contains__(...)\n",
      "     |      x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __eq__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self==value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ge__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __gt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __hash__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return hash(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __iter__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement iter(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __le__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __len__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return len(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __lt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ne__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self!=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __or__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self|value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rand__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value&self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Return state information for pickling.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ror__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value|self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rsub__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value-self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rxor__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value^self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __sizeof__(...)\n",
      "     |      S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __sub__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self-value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __xor__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self^value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  copy(...)\n",
      "     |      Return a shallow copy of a set.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  difference(...)\n",
      "     |      Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  intersection(...)\n",
      "     |      Return the intersection of two sets as a new set.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  isdisjoint(...)\n",
      "     |      Return True if two sets have a null intersection.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  issubset(...)\n",
      "     |      Report whether another set contains this set.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  issuperset(...)\n",
      "     |      Report whether this set contains another set.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  symmetric_difference(...)\n",
      "     |      Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  union(...)\n",
      "     |      Return the union of sets as a new set.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      (i.e. all elements that are in either set.)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Class methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __class_getitem__(...) from type\n",
      "     |      See PEP 585\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class int(object)\n",
      "     |  int([x]) -> integer\n",
      "     |  int(x, base=10) -> integer\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments\n",
      "     |  are given.  If x is a number, return x.__int__().  For floating point\n",
      "     |  numbers, this truncates towards zero.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,\n",
      "     |  bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the\n",
      "     |  given base.  The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded\n",
      "     |  by whitespace.  The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.\n",
      "     |  Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.\n",
      "     |  >>> int('0b100', base=0)\n",
      "     |  4\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Built-in subclasses:\n",
      "     |      bool\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __abs__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      abs(self)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __add__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self+value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __and__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self&value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __bool__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      True if self else False\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ceil__(...)\n",
      "     |      Ceiling of an Integral returns itself.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __divmod__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return divmod(self, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __eq__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self==value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __float__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      float(self)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __floor__(...)\n",
      "     |      Flooring an Integral returns itself.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __floordiv__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self//value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __format__(self, format_spec, /)\n",
      "     |      Default object formatter.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ge__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getnewargs__(self, /)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __gt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __hash__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return hash(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __index__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self converted to an integer, if self is suitable for use as an index into a list.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __int__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      int(self)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __invert__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      ~self\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __le__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __lshift__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<<value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __lt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __mod__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self%value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __mul__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self*value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ne__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self!=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __neg__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      -self\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __or__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self|value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __pos__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      +self\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __pow__(self, value, mod=None, /)\n",
      "     |      Return pow(self, value, mod).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __radd__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value+self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rand__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value&self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rdivmod__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return divmod(value, self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rfloordiv__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value//self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rlshift__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value<<self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rmod__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value%self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rmul__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value*self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ror__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value|self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __round__(...)\n",
      "     |      Rounding an Integral returns itself.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rpow__(self, value, mod=None, /)\n",
      "     |      Return pow(value, self, mod).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rrshift__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value>>self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rshift__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>>value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rsub__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value-self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rtruediv__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value/self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rxor__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value^self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __sizeof__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Returns size in memory, in bytes.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __sub__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self-value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __truediv__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self/value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __trunc__(...)\n",
      "     |      Truncating an Integral returns itself.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __xor__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self^value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  as_integer_ratio(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return integer ratio.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is exactly equal to the original int\n",
      "     |      and with a positive denominator.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      >>> (10).as_integer_ratio()\n",
      "     |      (10, 1)\n",
      "     |      >>> (-10).as_integer_ratio()\n",
      "     |      (-10, 1)\n",
      "     |      >>> (0).as_integer_ratio()\n",
      "     |      (0, 1)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  bit_count(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of self.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Also known as the population count.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      >>> bin(13)\n",
      "     |      '0b1101'\n",
      "     |      >>> (13).bit_count()\n",
      "     |      3\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  bit_length(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      >>> bin(37)\n",
      "     |      '0b100101'\n",
      "     |      >>> (37).bit_length()\n",
      "     |      6\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  conjugate(...)\n",
      "     |      Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  to_bytes(self, /, length, byteorder, *, signed=False)\n",
      "     |      Return an array of bytes representing an integer.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      length\n",
      "     |        Length of bytes object to use.  An OverflowError is raised if the\n",
      "     |        integer is not representable with the given number of bytes.\n",
      "     |      byteorder\n",
      "     |        The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',\n",
      "     |        the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If\n",
      "     |        byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the\n",
      "     |        byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use\n",
      "     |        `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.\n",
      "     |      signed\n",
      "     |        Determines whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.\n",
      "     |        If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError\n",
      "     |        is raised.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Class methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  from_bytes(bytes, byteorder, *, signed=False) from type\n",
      "     |      Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      bytes\n",
      "     |        Holds the array of bytes to convert.  The argument must either\n",
      "     |        support the buffer protocol or be an iterable object producing bytes.\n",
      "     |        Bytes and bytearray are examples of built-in objects that support the\n",
      "     |        buffer protocol.\n",
      "     |      byteorder\n",
      "     |        The byte order used to represent the integer.  If byteorder is 'big',\n",
      "     |        the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array.  If\n",
      "     |        byteorder is 'little', the most significant byte is at the end of the\n",
      "     |        byte array.  To request the native byte order of the host system, use\n",
      "     |        `sys.byteorder' as the byte order value.\n",
      "     |      signed\n",
      "     |        Indicates whether two's complement is used to represent the integer.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  denominator\n",
      "     |      the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  imag\n",
      "     |      the imaginary part of a complex number\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  numerator\n",
      "     |      the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  real\n",
      "     |      the real part of a complex number\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class list(object)\n",
      "     |  list(iterable=(), /)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Built-in mutable sequence.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  If no argument is given, the constructor creates a new empty list.\n",
      "     |  The argument must be an iterable if specified.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __add__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self+value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __contains__(self, key, /)\n",
      "     |      Return key in self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delitem__(self, key, /)\n",
      "     |      Delete self[key].\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __eq__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self==value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ge__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getitem__(...)\n",
      "     |      x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __gt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __iadd__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement self+=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __imul__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement self*=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __iter__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement iter(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __le__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __len__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return len(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __lt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __mul__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self*value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ne__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self!=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reversed__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a reverse iterator over the list.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rmul__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value*self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setitem__(self, key, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Set self[key] to value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __sizeof__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return the size of the list in memory, in bytes.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  append(self, object, /)\n",
      "     |      Append object to the end of the list.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  clear(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Remove all items from list.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  copy(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a shallow copy of the list.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  count(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return number of occurrences of value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  extend(self, iterable, /)\n",
      "     |      Extend list by appending elements from the iterable.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)\n",
      "     |      Return first index of value.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  insert(self, index, object, /)\n",
      "     |      Insert object before index.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  pop(self, index=-1, /)\n",
      "     |      Remove and return item at index (default last).\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  remove(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Remove first occurrence of value.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  reverse(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Reverse *IN PLACE*.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  sort(self, /, *, key=None, reverse=False)\n",
      "     |      Sort the list in ascending order and return None.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      The sort is in-place (i.e. the list itself is modified) and stable (i.e. the\n",
      "     |      order of two equal elements is maintained).\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If a key function is given, apply it once to each list item and sort them,\n",
      "     |      ascending or descending, according to their function values.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      The reverse flag can be set to sort in descending order.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Class methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __class_getitem__(...) from type\n",
      "     |      See PEP 585\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data and other attributes defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __hash__ = None\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class map(object)\n",
      "     |  map(func, *iterables) --> map object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Make an iterator that computes the function using arguments from\n",
      "     |  each of the iterables.  Stops when the shortest iterable is exhausted.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __iter__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement iter(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __next__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement next(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Return state information for pickling.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class memoryview(object)\n",
      "     |  memoryview(object)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Create a new memoryview object which references the given object.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delitem__(self, key, /)\n",
      "     |      Delete self[key].\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __enter__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __eq__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self==value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __exit__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ge__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getitem__(self, key, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self[key].\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __gt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __hash__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return hash(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __iter__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement iter(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __le__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __len__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return len(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __lt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ne__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self!=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setitem__(self, key, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Set self[key] to value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  cast(...)\n",
      "     |      Cast a memoryview to a new format or shape.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  hex(...)\n",
      "     |      Return the data in the buffer as a str of hexadecimal numbers.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |        sep\n",
      "     |          An optional single character or byte to separate hex bytes.\n",
      "     |        bytes_per_sep\n",
      "     |          How many bytes between separators.  Positive values count from the\n",
      "     |          right, negative values count from the left.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Example:\n",
      "     |      >>> value = memoryview(b'\\xb9\\x01\\xef')\n",
      "     |      >>> value.hex()\n",
      "     |      'b901ef'\n",
      "     |      >>> value.hex(':')\n",
      "     |      'b9:01:ef'\n",
      "     |      >>> value.hex(':', 2)\n",
      "     |      'b9:01ef'\n",
      "     |      >>> value.hex(':', -2)\n",
      "     |      'b901:ef'\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  release(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Release the underlying buffer exposed by the memoryview object.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  tobytes(self, /, order='C')\n",
      "     |      Return the data in the buffer as a byte string.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Order can be {'C', 'F', 'A'}. When order is 'C' or 'F', the data of the\n",
      "     |      original array is converted to C or Fortran order. For contiguous views,\n",
      "     |      'A' returns an exact copy of the physical memory. In particular, in-memory\n",
      "     |      Fortran order is preserved. For non-contiguous views, the data is converted\n",
      "     |      to C first. order=None is the same as order='C'.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  tolist(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return the data in the buffer as a list of elements.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  toreadonly(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a readonly version of the memoryview.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  c_contiguous\n",
      "     |      A bool indicating whether the memory is C contiguous.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  contiguous\n",
      "     |      A bool indicating whether the memory is contiguous.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  f_contiguous\n",
      "     |      A bool indicating whether the memory is Fortran contiguous.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  format\n",
      "     |      A string containing the format (in struct module style)\n",
      "     |      for each element in the view.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  itemsize\n",
      "     |      The size in bytes of each element of the memoryview.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  nbytes\n",
      "     |      The amount of space in bytes that the array would use in\n",
      "     |      a contiguous representation.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ndim\n",
      "     |      An integer indicating how many dimensions of a multi-dimensional\n",
      "     |      array the memory represents.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  obj\n",
      "     |      The underlying object of the memoryview.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  readonly\n",
      "     |      A bool indicating whether the memory is read only.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  shape\n",
      "     |      A tuple of ndim integers giving the shape of the memory\n",
      "     |      as an N-dimensional array.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  strides\n",
      "     |      A tuple of ndim integers giving the size in bytes to access\n",
      "     |      each element for each dimension of the array.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  suboffsets\n",
      "     |      A tuple of integers used internally for PIL-style arrays.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class object\n",
      "     |  The base class of the class hierarchy.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  When called, it accepts no arguments and returns a new featureless\n",
      "     |  instance that has no instance attributes and cannot be given any.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Built-in subclasses:\n",
      "     |      anext_awaitable\n",
      "     |      async_generator\n",
      "     |      async_generator_asend\n",
      "     |      async_generator_athrow\n",
      "     |      ... and 88 other subclasses\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dir__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Default dir() implementation.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __eq__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self==value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __format__(self, format_spec, /)\n",
      "     |      Default object formatter.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ge__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __gt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __hash__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return hash(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __le__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __lt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ne__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self!=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce_ex__(self, protocol, /)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __sizeof__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Size of object in memory, in bytes.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Class methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init_subclass__(...) from type\n",
      "     |      This method is called when a class is subclassed.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      The default implementation does nothing. It may be\n",
      "     |      overridden to extend subclasses.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __subclasshook__(...) from type\n",
      "     |      Abstract classes can override this to customize issubclass().\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      This is invoked early on by abc.ABCMeta.__subclasscheck__().\n",
      "     |      It should return True, False or NotImplemented.  If it returns\n",
      "     |      NotImplemented, the normal algorithm is used.  Otherwise, it\n",
      "     |      overrides the normal algorithm (and the outcome is cached).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data and other attributes defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __class__ = <class 'type'>\n",
      "     |      type(object) -> the object's type\n",
      "     |      type(name, bases, dict, **kwds) -> a new type\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class property(object)\n",
      "     |  property(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Property attribute.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |    fget\n",
      "     |      function to be used for getting an attribute value\n",
      "     |    fset\n",
      "     |      function to be used for setting an attribute value\n",
      "     |    fdel\n",
      "     |      function to be used for del'ing an attribute\n",
      "     |    doc\n",
      "     |      docstring\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Typical use is to define a managed attribute x:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  class C(object):\n",
      "     |      def getx(self): return self._x\n",
      "     |      def setx(self, value): self._x = value\n",
      "     |      def delx(self): del self._x\n",
      "     |      x = property(getx, setx, delx, \"I'm the 'x' property.\")\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Decorators make defining new properties or modifying existing ones easy:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  class C(object):\n",
      "     |      @property\n",
      "     |      def x(self):\n",
      "     |          \"I am the 'x' property.\"\n",
      "     |          return self._x\n",
      "     |      @x.setter\n",
      "     |      def x(self, value):\n",
      "     |          self._x = value\n",
      "     |      @x.deleter\n",
      "     |      def x(self):\n",
      "     |          del self._x\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delete__(self, instance, /)\n",
      "     |      Delete an attribute of instance.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __get__(self, instance, owner=None, /)\n",
      "     |      Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __set__(self, instance, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Set an attribute of instance to value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __set_name__(...)\n",
      "     |      Method to set name of a property.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  deleter(...)\n",
      "     |      Descriptor to obtain a copy of the property with a different deleter.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  getter(...)\n",
      "     |      Descriptor to obtain a copy of the property with a different getter.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  setter(...)\n",
      "     |      Descriptor to obtain a copy of the property with a different setter.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __isabstractmethod__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  fdel\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  fget\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  fset\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class range(object)\n",
      "     |  range(stop) -> range object\n",
      "     |  range(start, stop[, step]) -> range object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Return an object that produces a sequence of integers from start (inclusive)\n",
      "     |  to stop (exclusive) by step.  range(i, j) produces i, i+1, i+2, ..., j-1.\n",
      "     |  start defaults to 0, and stop is omitted!  range(4) produces 0, 1, 2, 3.\n",
      "     |  These are exactly the valid indices for a list of 4 elements.\n",
      "     |  When step is given, it specifies the increment (or decrement).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __bool__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      True if self else False\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __contains__(self, key, /)\n",
      "     |      Return key in self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __eq__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self==value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ge__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getitem__(self, key, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self[key].\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __gt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __hash__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return hash(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __iter__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement iter(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __le__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __len__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return len(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __lt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ne__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self!=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Helper for pickle.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reversed__(...)\n",
      "     |      Return a reverse iterator.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  count(...)\n",
      "     |      rangeobject.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  index(...)\n",
      "     |      rangeobject.index(value) -> integer -- return index of value.\n",
      "     |      Raise ValueError if the value is not present.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  start\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  step\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  stop\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class reversed(object)\n",
      "     |  reversed(sequence, /)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Return a reverse iterator over the values of the given sequence.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __iter__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement iter(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __length_hint__(...)\n",
      "     |      Private method returning an estimate of len(list(it)).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __next__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement next(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Return state information for pickling.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |      Set state information for unpickling.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class set(object)\n",
      "     |  set() -> new empty set object\n",
      "     |  set(iterable) -> new set object\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Build an unordered collection of unique elements.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __and__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self&value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __contains__(...)\n",
      "     |      x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __eq__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self==value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ge__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __gt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __iand__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self&=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ior__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self|=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __isub__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self-=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __iter__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement iter(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ixor__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self^=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __le__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __len__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return len(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __lt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ne__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self!=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __or__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self|value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rand__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value&self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Return state information for pickling.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ror__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value|self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rsub__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value-self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rxor__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value^self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __sizeof__(...)\n",
      "     |      S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __sub__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self-value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __xor__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self^value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  add(...)\n",
      "     |      Add an element to a set.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      This has no effect if the element is already present.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  clear(...)\n",
      "     |      Remove all elements from this set.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  copy(...)\n",
      "     |      Return a shallow copy of a set.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  difference(...)\n",
      "     |      Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  difference_update(...)\n",
      "     |      Remove all elements of another set from this set.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  discard(...)\n",
      "     |      Remove an element from a set if it is a member.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If the element is not a member, do nothing.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  intersection(...)\n",
      "     |      Return the intersection of two sets as a new set.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  intersection_update(...)\n",
      "     |      Update a set with the intersection of itself and another.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  isdisjoint(...)\n",
      "     |      Return True if two sets have a null intersection.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  issubset(...)\n",
      "     |      Report whether another set contains this set.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  issuperset(...)\n",
      "     |      Report whether this set contains another set.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  pop(...)\n",
      "     |      Remove and return an arbitrary set element.\n",
      "     |      Raises KeyError if the set is empty.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  remove(...)\n",
      "     |      Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  symmetric_difference(...)\n",
      "     |      Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  symmetric_difference_update(...)\n",
      "     |      Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  union(...)\n",
      "     |      Return the union of sets as a new set.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      (i.e. all elements that are in either set.)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  update(...)\n",
      "     |      Update a set with the union of itself and others.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Class methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __class_getitem__(...) from type\n",
      "     |      See PEP 585\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data and other attributes defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __hash__ = None\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class slice(object)\n",
      "     |  slice(stop)\n",
      "     |  slice(start, stop[, step])\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Create a slice object.  This is used for extended slicing (e.g. a[0:10:2]).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __eq__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self==value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ge__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __gt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __le__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __lt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ne__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self!=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Return state information for pickling.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  indices(...)\n",
      "     |      S.indices(len) -> (start, stop, stride)\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Assuming a sequence of length len, calculate the start and stop\n",
      "     |      indices, and the stride length of the extended slice described by\n",
      "     |      S. Out of bounds indices are clipped in a manner consistent with the\n",
      "     |      handling of normal slices.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  start\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  step\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  stop\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data and other attributes defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __hash__ = None\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class staticmethod(object)\n",
      "     |  staticmethod(function) -> method\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Convert a function to be a static method.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  A static method does not receive an implicit first argument.\n",
      "     |  To declare a static method, use this idiom:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |       class C:\n",
      "     |           @staticmethod\n",
      "     |           def f(arg1, arg2, ...):\n",
      "     |               ...\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance\n",
      "     |  (e.g. C().f()). Both the class and the instance are ignored, and\n",
      "     |  neither is passed implicitly as the first argument to the method.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Static methods in Python are similar to those found in Java or C++.\n",
      "     |  For a more advanced concept, see the classmethod builtin.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __call__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Call self as a function.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __get__(self, instance, owner=None, /)\n",
      "     |      Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __func__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __isabstractmethod__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __wrapped__\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class str(object)\n",
      "     |  str(object='') -> str\n",
      "     |  str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or\n",
      "     |  errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer\n",
      "     |  that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler.\n",
      "     |  Otherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined)\n",
      "     |  or repr(object).\n",
      "     |  encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().\n",
      "     |  errors defaults to 'strict'.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __add__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self+value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __contains__(self, key, /)\n",
      "     |      Return key in self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __eq__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self==value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __format__(self, format_spec, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a formatted version of the string as described by format_spec.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ge__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getitem__(self, key, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self[key].\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getnewargs__(...)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __gt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __hash__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return hash(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __iter__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement iter(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __le__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __len__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return len(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __lt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __mod__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self%value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __mul__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self*value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ne__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self!=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rmod__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value%self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rmul__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value*self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __sizeof__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return the size of the string in memory, in bytes.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __str__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return str(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  capitalize(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a capitalized version of the string.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      More specifically, make the first character have upper case and the rest lower\n",
      "     |      case.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  casefold(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a version of the string suitable for caseless comparisons.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  center(self, width, fillchar=' ', /)\n",
      "     |      Return a centered string of length width.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  count(...)\n",
      "     |      S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in\n",
      "     |      string S[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are\n",
      "     |      interpreted as in slice notation.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  encode(self, /, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')\n",
      "     |      Encode the string using the codec registered for encoding.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      encoding\n",
      "     |        The encoding in which to encode the string.\n",
      "     |      errors\n",
      "     |        The error handling scheme to use for encoding errors.\n",
      "     |        The default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise a\n",
      "     |        UnicodeEncodeError.  Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and\n",
      "     |        'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with\n",
      "     |        codecs.register_error that can handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  endswith(...)\n",
      "     |      S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |      With optional start, test S beginning at that position.\n",
      "     |      With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.\n",
      "     |      suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  expandtabs(self, /, tabsize=8)\n",
      "     |      Return a copy where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  find(...)\n",
      "     |      S.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,\n",
      "     |      such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional\n",
      "     |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return -1 on failure.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  format(...)\n",
      "     |      S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> str\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.\n",
      "     |      The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  format_map(...)\n",
      "     |      S.format_map(mapping) -> str\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from mapping.\n",
      "     |      The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  index(...)\n",
      "     |      S.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,\n",
      "     |      such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional\n",
      "     |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Raises ValueError when the substring is not found.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  isalnum(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return True if the string is an alpha-numeric string, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      A string is alpha-numeric if all characters in the string are alpha-numeric and\n",
      "     |      there is at least one character in the string.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  isalpha(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return True if the string is an alphabetic string, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      A string is alphabetic if all characters in the string are alphabetic and there\n",
      "     |      is at least one character in the string.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  isascii(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return True if all characters in the string are ASCII, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      ASCII characters have code points in the range U+0000-U+007F.\n",
      "     |      Empty string is ASCII too.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  isdecimal(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return True if the string is a decimal string, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      A string is a decimal string if all characters in the string are decimal and\n",
      "     |      there is at least one character in the string.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  isdigit(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return True if the string is a digit string, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      A string is a digit string if all characters in the string are digits and there\n",
      "     |      is at least one character in the string.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  isidentifier(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return True if the string is a valid Python identifier, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Call keyword.iskeyword(s) to test whether string s is a reserved identifier,\n",
      "     |      such as \"def\" or \"class\".\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  islower(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return True if the string is a lowercase string, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      A string is lowercase if all cased characters in the string are lowercase and\n",
      "     |      there is at least one cased character in the string.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  isnumeric(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return True if the string is a numeric string, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      A string is numeric if all characters in the string are numeric and there is at\n",
      "     |      least one character in the string.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  isprintable(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return True if the string is printable, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      A string is printable if all of its characters are considered printable in\n",
      "     |      repr() or if it is empty.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  isspace(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return True if the string is a whitespace string, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      A string is whitespace if all characters in the string are whitespace and there\n",
      "     |      is at least one character in the string.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  istitle(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return True if the string is a title-cased string, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      In a title-cased string, upper- and title-case characters may only\n",
      "     |      follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  isupper(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return True if the string is an uppercase string, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      A string is uppercase if all cased characters in the string are uppercase and\n",
      "     |      there is at least one cased character in the string.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  join(self, iterable, /)\n",
      "     |      Concatenate any number of strings.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      The string whose method is called is inserted in between each given string.\n",
      "     |      The result is returned as a new string.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Example: '.'.join(['ab', 'pq', 'rs']) -> 'ab.pq.rs'\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ljust(self, width, fillchar=' ', /)\n",
      "     |      Return a left-justified string of length width.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  lower(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a copy of the string converted to lowercase.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  lstrip(self, chars=None, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a copy of the string with leading whitespace removed.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  partition(self, sep, /)\n",
      "     |      Partition the string into three parts using the given separator.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      This will search for the separator in the string.  If the separator is found,\n",
      "     |      returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator\n",
      "     |      itself, and the part after it.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing the original string\n",
      "     |      and two empty strings.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  removeprefix(self, prefix, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a str with the given prefix string removed if present.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If the string starts with the prefix string, return string[len(prefix):].\n",
      "     |      Otherwise, return a copy of the original string.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  removesuffix(self, suffix, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a str with the given suffix string removed if present.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If the string ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty,\n",
      "     |      return string[:-len(suffix)]. Otherwise, return a copy of the original\n",
      "     |      string.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  replace(self, old, new, count=-1, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |        count\n",
      "     |          Maximum number of occurrences to replace.\n",
      "     |          -1 (the default value) means replace all occurrences.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are\n",
      "     |      replaced.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  rfind(...)\n",
      "     |      S.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,\n",
      "     |      such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional\n",
      "     |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return -1 on failure.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  rindex(...)\n",
      "     |      S.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,\n",
      "     |      such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional\n",
      "     |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Raises ValueError when the substring is not found.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  rjust(self, width, fillchar=' ', /)\n",
      "     |      Return a right-justified string of length width.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  rpartition(self, sep, /)\n",
      "     |      Partition the string into three parts using the given separator.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      This will search for the separator in the string, starting at the end. If\n",
      "     |      the separator is found, returns a 3-tuple containing the part before the\n",
      "     |      separator, the separator itself, and the part after it.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If the separator is not found, returns a 3-tuple containing two empty strings\n",
      "     |      and the original string.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  rsplit(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)\n",
      "     |      Return a list of the substrings in the string, using sep as the separator string.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |        sep\n",
      "     |          The separator used to split the string.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |          When set to None (the default value), will split on any whitespace\n",
      "     |          character (including \\\\n \\\\r \\\\t \\\\f and spaces) and will discard\n",
      "     |          empty strings from the result.\n",
      "     |        maxsplit\n",
      "     |          Maximum number of splits (starting from the left).\n",
      "     |          -1 (the default value) means no limit.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Splitting starts at the end of the string and works to the front.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  rstrip(self, chars=None, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a copy of the string with trailing whitespace removed.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  split(self, /, sep=None, maxsplit=-1)\n",
      "     |      Return a list of the substrings in the string, using sep as the separator string.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |        sep\n",
      "     |          The separator used to split the string.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |          When set to None (the default value), will split on any whitespace\n",
      "     |          character (including \\\\n \\\\r \\\\t \\\\f and spaces) and will discard\n",
      "     |          empty strings from the result.\n",
      "     |        maxsplit\n",
      "     |          Maximum number of splits (starting from the left).\n",
      "     |          -1 (the default value) means no limit.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Note, str.split() is mainly useful for data that has been intentionally\n",
      "     |      delimited.  With natural text that includes punctuation, consider using\n",
      "     |      the regular expression module.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  splitlines(self, /, keepends=False)\n",
      "     |      Return a list of the lines in the string, breaking at line boundaries.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and\n",
      "     |      true.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  startswith(...)\n",
      "     |      S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.\n",
      "     |      With optional start, test S beginning at that position.\n",
      "     |      With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.\n",
      "     |      prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  strip(self, chars=None, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a copy of the string with leading and trailing whitespace removed.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  swapcase(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Convert uppercase characters to lowercase and lowercase characters to uppercase.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  title(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a version of the string where each word is titlecased.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      More specifically, words start with uppercased characters and all remaining\n",
      "     |      cased characters have lower case.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  translate(self, table, /)\n",
      "     |      Replace each character in the string using the given translation table.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |        table\n",
      "     |          Translation table, which must be a mapping of Unicode ordinals to\n",
      "     |          Unicode ordinals, strings, or None.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      The table must implement lookup/indexing via __getitem__, for instance a\n",
      "     |      dictionary or list.  If this operation raises LookupError, the character is\n",
      "     |      left untouched.  Characters mapped to None are deleted.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  upper(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a copy of the string converted to uppercase.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  zfill(self, width, /)\n",
      "     |      Pad a numeric string with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the given width.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      The string is never truncated.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  maketrans(...)\n",
      "     |      Return a translation table usable for str.translate().\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      If there is only one argument, it must be a dictionary mapping Unicode\n",
      "     |      ordinals (integers) or characters to Unicode ordinals, strings or None.\n",
      "     |      Character keys will be then converted to ordinals.\n",
      "     |      If there are two arguments, they must be strings of equal length, and\n",
      "     |      in the resulting dictionary, each character in x will be mapped to the\n",
      "     |      character at the same position in y. If there is a third argument, it\n",
      "     |      must be a string, whose characters will be mapped to None in the result.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class super(object)\n",
      "     |  super() -> same as super(__class__, <first argument>)\n",
      "     |  super(type) -> unbound super object\n",
      "     |  super(type, obj) -> bound super object; requires isinstance(obj, type)\n",
      "     |  super(type, type2) -> bound super object; requires issubclass(type2, type)\n",
      "     |  Typical use to call a cooperative superclass method:\n",
      "     |  class C(B):\n",
      "     |      def meth(self, arg):\n",
      "     |          super().meth(arg)\n",
      "     |  This works for class methods too:\n",
      "     |  class C(B):\n",
      "     |      @classmethod\n",
      "     |      def cmeth(cls, arg):\n",
      "     |          super().cmeth(arg)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __get__(self, instance, owner=None, /)\n",
      "     |      Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __self__\n",
      "     |      the instance invoking super(); may be None\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __self_class__\n",
      "     |      the type of the instance invoking super(); may be None\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __thisclass__\n",
      "     |      the class invoking super()\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class tuple(object)\n",
      "     |  tuple(iterable=(), /)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Built-in immutable sequence.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  If no argument is given, the constructor returns an empty tuple.\n",
      "     |  If iterable is specified the tuple is initialized from iterable's items.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Built-in subclasses:\n",
      "     |      asyncgen_hooks\n",
      "     |      UnraisableHookArgs\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __add__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self+value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __contains__(self, key, /)\n",
      "     |      Return key in self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __eq__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self==value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ge__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getitem__(self, key, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self[key].\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getnewargs__(self, /)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __gt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self>value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __hash__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return hash(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __iter__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement iter(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __le__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __len__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return len(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __lt__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self<value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __mul__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self*value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ne__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self!=value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __rmul__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value*self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  count(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return number of occurrences of value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  index(self, value, start=0, stop=9223372036854775807, /)\n",
      "     |      Return first index of value.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Class methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __class_getitem__(...) from type\n",
      "     |      See PEP 585\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class type(object)\n",
      "     |  type(object) -> the object's type\n",
      "     |  type(name, bases, dict, **kwds) -> a new type\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __call__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Call self as a function.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dir__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Specialized __dir__ implementation for types.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __instancecheck__(self, instance, /)\n",
      "     |      Check if an object is an instance.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __or__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return self|value.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return repr(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __ror__(self, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Return value|self.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __sizeof__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return memory consumption of the type object.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __subclasscheck__(self, subclass, /)\n",
      "     |      Check if a class is a subclass.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __subclasses__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a list of immediate subclasses.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  mro(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Return a type's method resolution order.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Class methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __prepare__(...)\n",
      "     |      __prepare__() -> dict\n",
      "     |      used to create the namespace for the class statement\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs)\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __abstractmethods__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __annotations__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dict__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __text_signature__\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Data and other attributes defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __base__ = <class 'object'>\n",
      "     |      The base class of the class hierarchy.\n",
      "     |      \n",
      "     |      When called, it accepts no arguments and returns a new featureless\n",
      "     |      instance that has no instance attributes and cannot be given any.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __bases__ = (<class 'object'>,)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __basicsize__ = 888\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __dictoffset__ = 264\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __flags__ = 2148031744\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __itemsize__ = 40\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __mro__ = (<class 'type'>, <class 'object'>)\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __weakrefoffset__ = 368\n",
      "    \n",
      "    class zip(object)\n",
      "     |  zip(*iterables, strict=False) --> Yield tuples until an input is exhausted.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |     >>> list(zip('abcdefg', range(3), range(4)))\n",
      "     |     [('a', 0, 0), ('b', 1, 1), ('c', 2, 2)]\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  The zip object yields n-length tuples, where n is the number of iterables\n",
      "     |  passed as positional arguments to zip().  The i-th element in every tuple\n",
      "     |  comes from the i-th iterable argument to zip().  This continues until the\n",
      "     |  shortest argument is exhausted.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  If strict is true and one of the arguments is exhausted before the others,\n",
      "     |  raise a ValueError.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  Methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
      "     |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __iter__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement iter(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __next__(self, /)\n",
      "     |      Implement next(self).\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __reduce__(...)\n",
      "     |      Return state information for pickling.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __setstate__(...)\n",
      "     |      Set state information for unpickling.\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "     |  Static methods defined here:\n",
      "     |  \n",
      "     |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from type\n",
      "     |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
      "\n",
      "FUNCTIONS\n",
      "    __build_class__(...)\n",
      "        __build_class__(func, name, /, *bases, [metaclass], **kwds) -> class\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Internal helper function used by the class statement.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    __import__(...)\n",
      "        __import__(name, globals=None, locals=None, fromlist=(), level=0) -> module\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Import a module. Because this function is meant for use by the Python\n",
      "        interpreter and not for general use, it is better to use\n",
      "        importlib.import_module() to programmatically import a module.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        The globals argument is only used to determine the context;\n",
      "        they are not modified.  The locals argument is unused.  The fromlist\n",
      "        should be a list of names to emulate ``from name import ...'', or an\n",
      "        empty list to emulate ``import name''.\n",
      "        When importing a module from a package, note that __import__('A.B', ...)\n",
      "        returns package A when fromlist is empty, but its submodule B when\n",
      "        fromlist is not empty.  The level argument is used to determine whether to\n",
      "        perform absolute or relative imports: 0 is absolute, while a positive number\n",
      "        is the number of parent directories to search relative to the current module.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    abs(x, /)\n",
      "        Return the absolute value of the argument.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    aiter(async_iterable, /)\n",
      "        Return an AsyncIterator for an AsyncIterable object.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    all(iterable, /)\n",
      "        Return True if bool(x) is True for all values x in the iterable.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        If the iterable is empty, return True.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    anext(...)\n",
      "        Return the next item from the async iterator.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    any(iterable, /)\n",
      "        Return True if bool(x) is True for any x in the iterable.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        If the iterable is empty, return False.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    ascii(obj, /)\n",
      "        Return an ASCII-only representation of an object.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        As repr(), return a string containing a printable representation of an\n",
      "        object, but escape the non-ASCII characters in the string returned by\n",
      "        repr() using \\\\x, \\\\u or \\\\U escapes. This generates a string similar\n",
      "        to that returned by repr() in Python 2.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    bin(number, /)\n",
      "        Return the binary representation of an integer.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        >>> bin(2796202)\n",
      "        '0b1010101010101010101010'\n",
      "    \n",
      "    breakpoint(...)\n",
      "        breakpoint(*args, **kws)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Call sys.breakpointhook(*args, **kws).  sys.breakpointhook() must accept\n",
      "        whatever arguments are passed.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        By default, this drops you into the pdb debugger.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    callable(obj, /)\n",
      "        Return whether the object is callable (i.e., some kind of function).\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Note that classes are callable, as are instances of classes with a\n",
      "        __call__() method.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    chr(i, /)\n",
      "        Return a Unicode string of one character with ordinal i; 0 <= i <= 0x10ffff.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    compile(source, filename, mode, flags=0, dont_inherit=False, optimize=-1, *, _feature_version=-1)\n",
      "        Compile source into a code object that can be executed by exec() or eval().\n",
      "        \n",
      "        The source code may represent a Python module, statement or expression.\n",
      "        The filename will be used for run-time error messages.\n",
      "        The mode must be 'exec' to compile a module, 'single' to compile a\n",
      "        single (interactive) statement, or 'eval' to compile an expression.\n",
      "        The flags argument, if present, controls which future statements influence\n",
      "        the compilation of the code.\n",
      "        The dont_inherit argument, if true, stops the compilation inheriting\n",
      "        the effects of any future statements in effect in the code calling\n",
      "        compile; if absent or false these statements do influence the compilation,\n",
      "        in addition to any features explicitly specified.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    delattr(obj, name, /)\n",
      "        Deletes the named attribute from the given object.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        delattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to ``del x.y''\n",
      "    \n",
      "    dir(...)\n",
      "        dir([object]) -> list of strings\n",
      "        \n",
      "        If called without an argument, return the names in the current scope.\n",
      "        Else, return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes\n",
      "        of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it.\n",
      "        If the object supplies a method named __dir__, it will be used; otherwise\n",
      "        the default dir() logic is used and returns:\n",
      "          for a module object: the module's attributes.\n",
      "          for a class object:  its attributes, and recursively the attributes\n",
      "            of its bases.\n",
      "          for any other object: its attributes, its class's attributes, and\n",
      "            recursively the attributes of its class's base classes.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    divmod(x, y, /)\n",
      "        Return the tuple (x//y, x%y).  Invariant: div*y + mod == x.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    eval(source, globals=None, locals=None, /)\n",
      "        Evaluate the given source in the context of globals and locals.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        The source may be a string representing a Python expression\n",
      "        or a code object as returned by compile().\n",
      "        The globals must be a dictionary and locals can be any mapping,\n",
      "        defaulting to the current globals and locals.\n",
      "        If only globals is given, locals defaults to it.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    exec(source, globals=None, locals=None, /)\n",
      "        Execute the given source in the context of globals and locals.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        The source may be a string representing one or more Python statements\n",
      "        or a code object as returned by compile().\n",
      "        The globals must be a dictionary and locals can be any mapping,\n",
      "        defaulting to the current globals and locals.\n",
      "        If only globals is given, locals defaults to it.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    format(value, format_spec='', /)\n",
      "        Return value.__format__(format_spec)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        format_spec defaults to the empty string.\n",
      "        See the Format Specification Mini-Language section of help('FORMATTING') for\n",
      "        details.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    getattr(...)\n",
      "        getattr(object, name[, default]) -> value\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Get a named attribute from an object; getattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to x.y.\n",
      "        When a default argument is given, it is returned when the attribute doesn't\n",
      "        exist; without it, an exception is raised in that case.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    globals()\n",
      "        Return the dictionary containing the current scope's global variables.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        NOTE: Updates to this dictionary *will* affect name lookups in the current\n",
      "        global scope and vice-versa.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    hasattr(obj, name, /)\n",
      "        Return whether the object has an attribute with the given name.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        This is done by calling getattr(obj, name) and catching AttributeError.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    hash(obj, /)\n",
      "        Return the hash value for the given object.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Two objects that compare equal must also have the same hash value, but the\n",
      "        reverse is not necessarily true.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    hex(number, /)\n",
      "        Return the hexadecimal representation of an integer.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        >>> hex(12648430)\n",
      "        '0xc0ffee'\n",
      "    \n",
      "    id(obj, /)\n",
      "        Return the identity of an object.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        This is guaranteed to be unique among simultaneously existing objects.\n",
      "        (CPython uses the object's memory address.)\n",
      "    \n",
      "    isinstance(obj, class_or_tuple, /)\n",
      "        Return whether an object is an instance of a class or of a subclass thereof.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        A tuple, as in ``isinstance(x, (A, B, ...))``, may be given as the target to\n",
      "        check against. This is equivalent to ``isinstance(x, A) or isinstance(x, B)\n",
      "        or ...`` etc.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    issubclass(cls, class_or_tuple, /)\n",
      "        Return whether 'cls' is derived from another class or is the same class.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        A tuple, as in ``issubclass(x, (A, B, ...))``, may be given as the target to\n",
      "        check against. This is equivalent to ``issubclass(x, A) or issubclass(x, B)\n",
      "        or ...``.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    iter(...)\n",
      "        iter(iterable) -> iterator\n",
      "        iter(callable, sentinel) -> iterator\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Get an iterator from an object.  In the first form, the argument must\n",
      "        supply its own iterator, or be a sequence.\n",
      "        In the second form, the callable is called until it returns the sentinel.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    len(obj, /)\n",
      "        Return the number of items in a container.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    locals()\n",
      "        Return a dictionary containing the current scope's local variables.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        NOTE: Whether or not updates to this dictionary will affect name lookups in\n",
      "        the local scope and vice-versa is *implementation dependent* and not\n",
      "        covered by any backwards compatibility guarantees.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    max(...)\n",
      "        max(iterable, *[, default=obj, key=func]) -> value\n",
      "        max(arg1, arg2, *args, *[, key=func]) -> value\n",
      "        \n",
      "        With a single iterable argument, return its biggest item. The\n",
      "        default keyword-only argument specifies an object to return if\n",
      "        the provided iterable is empty.\n",
      "        With two or more arguments, return the largest argument.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    min(...)\n",
      "        min(iterable, *[, default=obj, key=func]) -> value\n",
      "        min(arg1, arg2, *args, *[, key=func]) -> value\n",
      "        \n",
      "        With a single iterable argument, return its smallest item. The\n",
      "        default keyword-only argument specifies an object to return if\n",
      "        the provided iterable is empty.\n",
      "        With two or more arguments, return the smallest argument.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    next(...)\n",
      "        next(iterator[, default])\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Return the next item from the iterator. If default is given and the iterator\n",
      "        is exhausted, it is returned instead of raising StopIteration.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    oct(number, /)\n",
      "        Return the octal representation of an integer.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        >>> oct(342391)\n",
      "        '0o1234567'\n",
      "    \n",
      "    open(file, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, closefd=True, opener=None)\n",
      "        Open file and return a stream.  Raise OSError upon failure.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        file is either a text or byte string giving the name (and the path\n",
      "        if the file isn't in the current working directory) of the file to\n",
      "        be opened or an integer file descriptor of the file to be\n",
      "        wrapped. (If a file descriptor is given, it is closed when the\n",
      "        returned I/O object is closed, unless closefd is set to False.)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        mode is an optional string that specifies the mode in which the file\n",
      "        is opened. It defaults to 'r' which means open for reading in text\n",
      "        mode.  Other common values are 'w' for writing (truncating the file if\n",
      "        it already exists), 'x' for creating and writing to a new file, and\n",
      "        'a' for appending (which on some Unix systems, means that all writes\n",
      "        append to the end of the file regardless of the current seek position).\n",
      "        In text mode, if encoding is not specified the encoding used is platform\n",
      "        dependent: locale.getpreferredencoding(False) is called to get the\n",
      "        current locale encoding. (For reading and writing raw bytes use binary\n",
      "        mode and leave encoding unspecified.) The available modes are:\n",
      "        \n",
      "        ========= ===============================================================\n",
      "        Character Meaning\n",
      "        --------- ---------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "        'r'       open for reading (default)\n",
      "        'w'       open for writing, truncating the file first\n",
      "        'x'       create a new file and open it for writing\n",
      "        'a'       open for writing, appending to the end of the file if it exists\n",
      "        'b'       binary mode\n",
      "        't'       text mode (default)\n",
      "        '+'       open a disk file for updating (reading and writing)\n",
      "        'U'       universal newline mode (deprecated)\n",
      "        ========= ===============================================================\n",
      "        \n",
      "        The default mode is 'rt' (open for reading text). For binary random\n",
      "        access, the mode 'w+b' opens and truncates the file to 0 bytes, while\n",
      "        'r+b' opens the file without truncation. The 'x' mode implies 'w' and\n",
      "        raises an `FileExistsError` if the file already exists.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Python distinguishes between files opened in binary and text modes,\n",
      "        even when the underlying operating system doesn't. Files opened in\n",
      "        binary mode (appending 'b' to the mode argument) return contents as\n",
      "        bytes objects without any decoding. In text mode (the default, or when\n",
      "        't' is appended to the mode argument), the contents of the file are\n",
      "        returned as strings, the bytes having been first decoded using a\n",
      "        platform-dependent encoding or using the specified encoding if given.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        'U' mode is deprecated and will raise an exception in future versions\n",
      "        of Python.  It has no effect in Python 3.  Use newline to control\n",
      "        universal newlines mode.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        buffering is an optional integer used to set the buffering policy.\n",
      "        Pass 0 to switch buffering off (only allowed in binary mode), 1 to select\n",
      "        line buffering (only usable in text mode), and an integer > 1 to indicate\n",
      "        the size of a fixed-size chunk buffer.  When no buffering argument is\n",
      "        given, the default buffering policy works as follows:\n",
      "        \n",
      "        * Binary files are buffered in fixed-size chunks; the size of the buffer\n",
      "          is chosen using a heuristic trying to determine the underlying device's\n",
      "          \"block size\" and falling back on `io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.\n",
      "          On many systems, the buffer will typically be 4096 or 8192 bytes long.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        * \"Interactive\" text files (files for which isatty() returns True)\n",
      "          use line buffering.  Other text files use the policy described above\n",
      "          for binary files.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        encoding is the name of the encoding used to decode or encode the\n",
      "        file. This should only be used in text mode. The default encoding is\n",
      "        platform dependent, but any encoding supported by Python can be\n",
      "        passed.  See the codecs module for the list of supported encodings.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        errors is an optional string that specifies how encoding errors are to\n",
      "        be handled---this argument should not be used in binary mode. Pass\n",
      "        'strict' to raise a ValueError exception if there is an encoding error\n",
      "        (the default of None has the same effect), or pass 'ignore' to ignore\n",
      "        errors. (Note that ignoring encoding errors can lead to data loss.)\n",
      "        See the documentation for codecs.register or run 'help(codecs.Codec)'\n",
      "        for a list of the permitted encoding error strings.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        newline controls how universal newlines works (it only applies to text\n",
      "        mode). It can be None, '', '\\n', '\\r', and '\\r\\n'.  It works as\n",
      "        follows:\n",
      "        \n",
      "        * On input, if newline is None, universal newlines mode is\n",
      "          enabled. Lines in the input can end in '\\n', '\\r', or '\\r\\n', and\n",
      "          these are translated into '\\n' before being returned to the\n",
      "          caller. If it is '', universal newline mode is enabled, but line\n",
      "          endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of\n",
      "          the other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given\n",
      "          string, and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        * On output, if newline is None, any '\\n' characters written are\n",
      "          translated to the system default line separator, os.linesep. If\n",
      "          newline is '' or '\\n', no translation takes place. If newline is any\n",
      "          of the other legal values, any '\\n' characters written are translated\n",
      "          to the given string.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        If closefd is False, the underlying file descriptor will be kept open\n",
      "        when the file is closed. This does not work when a file name is given\n",
      "        and must be True in that case.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        A custom opener can be used by passing a callable as *opener*. The\n",
      "        underlying file descriptor for the file object is then obtained by\n",
      "        calling *opener* with (*file*, *flags*). *opener* must return an open\n",
      "        file descriptor (passing os.open as *opener* results in functionality\n",
      "        similar to passing None).\n",
      "        \n",
      "        open() returns a file object whose type depends on the mode, and\n",
      "        through which the standard file operations such as reading and writing\n",
      "        are performed. When open() is used to open a file in a text mode ('w',\n",
      "        'r', 'wt', 'rt', etc.), it returns a TextIOWrapper. When used to open\n",
      "        a file in a binary mode, the returned class varies: in read binary\n",
      "        mode, it returns a BufferedReader; in write binary and append binary\n",
      "        modes, it returns a BufferedWriter, and in read/write mode, it returns\n",
      "        a BufferedRandom.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        It is also possible to use a string or bytearray as a file for both\n",
      "        reading and writing. For strings StringIO can be used like a file\n",
      "        opened in a text mode, and for bytes a BytesIO can be used like a file\n",
      "        opened in a binary mode.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    ord(c, /)\n",
      "        Return the Unicode code point for a one-character string.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    pow(base, exp, mod=None)\n",
      "        Equivalent to base**exp with 2 arguments or base**exp % mod with 3 arguments\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Some types, such as ints, are able to use a more efficient algorithm when\n",
      "        invoked using the three argument form.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    print(...)\n",
      "        print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='\\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.\n",
      "        Optional keyword arguments:\n",
      "        file:  a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.\n",
      "        sep:   string inserted between values, default a space.\n",
      "        end:   string appended after the last value, default a newline.\n",
      "        flush: whether to forcibly flush the stream.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    repr(obj, /)\n",
      "        Return the canonical string representation of the object.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        For many object types, including most builtins, eval(repr(obj)) == obj.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    round(number, ndigits=None)\n",
      "        Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        The return value is an integer if ndigits is omitted or None.  Otherwise\n",
      "        the return value has the same type as the number.  ndigits may be negative.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    setattr(obj, name, value, /)\n",
      "        Sets the named attribute on the given object to the specified value.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        setattr(x, 'y', v) is equivalent to ``x.y = v''\n",
      "    \n",
      "    sorted(iterable, /, *, key=None, reverse=False)\n",
      "        Return a new list containing all items from the iterable in ascending order.\n",
      "        \n",
      "        A custom key function can be supplied to customize the sort order, and the\n",
      "        reverse flag can be set to request the result in descending order.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    sum(iterable, /, start=0)\n",
      "        Return the sum of a 'start' value (default: 0) plus an iterable of numbers\n",
      "        \n",
      "        When the iterable is empty, return the start value.\n",
      "        This function is intended specifically for use with numeric values and may\n",
      "        reject non-numeric types.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    vars(...)\n",
      "        vars([object]) -> dictionary\n",
      "        \n",
      "        Without arguments, equivalent to locals().\n",
      "        With an argument, equivalent to object.__dict__.\n",
      "\n",
      "DATA\n",
      "    Ellipsis = Ellipsis\n",
      "    False = False\n",
      "    None = None\n",
      "    NotImplemented = NotImplemented\n",
      "    True = True\n",
      "    __IPYTHON__ = True\n",
      "    __debug__ = True\n",
      "    copyright = Copyright (c) 2001-2022 Python Software Foundati...ematisc...\n",
      "    credits =     Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corpor...opment.  ...\n",
      "    help = Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help abou...\n",
      "    license = Type license() to see the full license text\n",
      "\n",
      "FILE\n",
      "    (built-in)\n",
      "\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "help(\"builtins\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "id": "e7af166d",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len([1, 2, 3, 3])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "id": "4bfd1ac2",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(set([1,2 ,3, 3, 3, 4]))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "20c5e414",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### reversed ( )\n",
    "\n",
    "- takes a sequence as an input and returns the copy of the sequence in reverse order\n",
    "- normally used in for statements when we want to iterate items from back to front\n",
    "- similar to `len()`, `reversed()` calls `__reversed__()` of objects\n",
    "    - if `__reversed__()` is not found, it uses `__len__()` and `__getitem__()` to build the reversed sequence\n",
    "- returns reversed iterator that yields one element at a time\n",
    "- we'll learn more about iterators in Iterator design pattern later"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "id": "9f787350",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "generic = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "id": "cdc0c60e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<list_reverseiterator object at 0x7fdc23e19360>\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(reversed(generic))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "id": "3438eec8",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[5, 4, 3, 2, 1]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(list(reversed(generic)))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "id": "317cbc4e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class CustomClass:\n",
    "    def __init__(self, args):\n",
    "        self._list = args\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def __len__(self):\n",
    "        return 5\n",
    "    \n",
    "    # if either __len__ or __getitime__ is missing; you can't call reversed\n",
    "    def __getitem__(self, idx):\n",
    "        return f'x{idx}'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "id": "7f8145f8",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "custom = CustomClass([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "id": "8045ff10",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['x4', 'x3', 'x2', 'x1', 'x0']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(list(reversed(custom)))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "id": "63819a5a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class FunkyBackwards(list):\n",
    "    \n",
    "    # override __reversed__ of list class\n",
    "    def __reversed__(self):\n",
    "        return 'BACKWARDS!'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "id": "39ab0bee",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "funky = FunkyBackwards([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "id": "299952d0",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "BACKWARDS!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(reversed(funky))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "a754f074",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### enumerate( )\n",
    "\n",
    "- sometimes we need to know both the index and value from a sequence while iterating over\n",
    "- enumerate() will helps us do just that"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "id": "8e1a7af2",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "numbers = [10, 9, 100, 15, 20]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "id": "dfb2cf44",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0: 10\n",
      "1: 9\n",
      "2: 100\n",
      "3: 15\n",
      "4: 20\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i, val in enumerate(numbers):\n",
    "    print(f'{i}: {val}')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "75e91588",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### all( )\n",
    "\n",
    "- all takes an iterable object and evaluates to true if all the elements are true\n",
    "    - returns False if a single element evaluates to false"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "id": "7677ba41",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "all([True, True, True])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "id": "87276f2f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "all([True, True, False])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "aec0b01f",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### any( )\n",
    "\n",
    "- returns true if any of the elements in the provided iterator is True\n",
    "- False if all the elements are False"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "id": "1b44a2ea",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "any([True, True, False])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "id": "5fe8b086",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "any([False, False, False])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "08e9e7f7",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### many more...\n",
    "\n",
    "- abs( ), str( ), repr( ), pow( ), and divmod( ) map directly to the special methods `__abs__()`, `__str__()`, `__repr__()`, `__pow__()`, and `__divmod__()`\n",
    "- bytes( ), format( ), hash( ), and bool( ) also map directly to the special methods `__bytes__()`, `__format__()`, `__hash__()`, and `__bool__()`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "e9305395",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Alternative to method overloading\n",
    "\n",
    "- in functional programming, we call it function overloading\n",
    "- sometime the same method needs to act on data of different types\n",
    "- in static-typed language such as C++, we redine functions with various parameters and types\n",
    "     - or use templated prameters to accomodate for various types\n",
    "- in dynamic-typed language we don't need to overload for types!\n",
    "     - this can introduce errors however!\n",
    "- two types of overloading:\n",
    "    1. overloading parameters to allow alternative types\n",
    "        - using Union[...] type hints for mypy\n",
    "    2. overlaoding parameters to allow variable number of arguments"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "id": "dd4f3497",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def add(n1, n2):\n",
    "    return n1+n2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "id": "fb38da63",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "30"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "add(10, 20)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "id": "5e0263ae",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "31.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "add(10.5, 20.5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "id": "53d04821",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'hithere'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "add('hi', 'there')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "id": "85241faa",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "add() missing 2 required positional arguments: 'n1' and 'n2'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[34], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[43madd\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: add() missing 2 required positional arguments: 'n1' and 'n2'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# missing required parameters\n",
    "add()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "id": "82c67b95",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Any is truely generic type!\n",
    "from typing import Any\n",
    "\n",
    "def mandatory_params(x: Any, y: Any, z: Any) -> str:\n",
    "    return f\"{x=}, {y=}, {z=}\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "519ee840",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Default values for parameters\n",
    "\n",
    "- sometimes we've to provide default values for parameters making them optional\n",
    "- long list of positional parameters isn't a great idea\n",
    "    - it can be confusing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "id": "0887ffad",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from typing import Optional"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "id": "923c96aa",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# the last two parameters have default values and can be omitted\n",
    "def latitude_dms(\n",
    "    deg: float, min: float, sec: float = 0.0, dir: Optional[str] = None\n",
    ") -> str:\n",
    "    if dir is None:\n",
    "        dir = \"N\"\n",
    "    return f\"{deg:02.0f}° {min+sec/60:05.3f}{dir}\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "id": "4443906e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'36° 51.048N'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "latitude_dms(36, 51, 2.9, \"N\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "id": "7a623342",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'36° 51.000N'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 44,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "latitude_dms(36, 51)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "id": "2e25fbfc",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'38° 58.000N'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 40,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "latitude_dms(38, 58, dir=\"N\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "id": "2698e5cc",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'38° 19.117N'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# we can reorder the parameters, provided the values are provided\n",
    "latitude_dms(38, 19, dir=\"N\", sec=7)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "id": "e614aca2",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'19° 38.117N'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 43,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "latitude_dms(min=38, deg=19, dir=\"N\", sec=7)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "id": "ffe93c5f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# place * before keyword only parameters\n",
    "# a and b are keyword only parameters\n",
    "def kw_only(\n",
    "    x: Any, y: str = \"defaultkw\", *, a: bool, b: str = \"only\"\n",
    ") -> str:\n",
    "    return f\"{x=}, {y=}, {a=}, {b=}\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "id": "41405168",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "kw_only() missing 1 required keyword-only argument: 'a'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[46], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[43mkw_only\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mx\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: kw_only() missing 1 required keyword-only argument: 'a'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "kw_only('x')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "id": "d355f506",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "kw_only() takes from 1 to 2 positional arguments but 3 were given",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[47], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[43mkw_only\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mx\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43my\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43ma\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m'\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: kw_only() takes from 1 to 2 positional arguments but 3 were given"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "kw_only('x', 'y', 'a')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "id": "d4d3f549",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "\"x='x', y='defaultkw', a='a', b='b'\""
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 48,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "kw_only('x', a='a', b='b')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "id": "cb4fa085",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# can also makr parameters as being supplied only by position\n",
    "# use / to separate position only from more flexible ones\n",
    "def pos_only(x: Any, y: str, /, z: Optional[Any] = None) -> str:\n",
    "    return f\"{x=}, {y=}, {z=}\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "id": "da808a32",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "pos_only() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'x, y'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[50], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[43mpos_only\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mx\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m2\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43my\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mthree\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: pos_only() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'x, y'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pos_only(x=2, y=\"three\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "id": "8d41e67c",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "\"x=2, y='three', z=None\""
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 51,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pos_only(2, 'three')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "id": "49ab34dc",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "\"x=2, y='three', z=3.14159\""
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 52,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pos_only(2, \"three\", 3.14159)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "37933b6a",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Variable argument lists\n",
    "\n",
    "- Python allows us to write methods that accept an arbitrary number of positional or keyword arguments without explicitly naming them\n",
    "    - these arrive as tuple in the function\n",
    "- we can also accept arbitrary keyword arguments\n",
    "     - these arrive as dictionary in the function"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "id": "77ee39d7",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from urllib.parse import urlparse\n",
    "from pathlib import Path\n",
    "\n",
    "def get_pages(*links: str) -> None:\n",
    "    # arguments passed to links arrive as a tuple\n",
    "    for link in links:\n",
    "        url = urlparse(link)\n",
    "        name = 'index' if url.path in (\"\", \"/\") else url.path\n",
    "        target = Path(url.netloc.replace('.', '_'))\n",
    "        print(f'Create {target} from {link!r}')\n",
    "        # etc..."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "id": "28647bcf",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# no parameter\n",
    "get_pages()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "id": "559ad1cd",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Create www_archlinux_org from 'https://www.archlinux.org'\n",
      "Create dusty_phillips_codes from 'https://dusty.phillips.codes'\n",
      "Create itmaybeahack_com from 'https://itmaybeahack.com'\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "get_pages('https://www.archlinux.org',\n",
    "          'https://dusty.phillips.codes',\n",
    "          'https://itmaybeahack.com'\n",
    "         )"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 71,
   "id": "32244f37",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# variable keyword-based arguments\n",
    "from typing import Any\n",
    "\n",
    "class Options(dict[str, Any]):\n",
    "    default_options: dict[str, Any] = {\n",
    "        \"port\": 21,\n",
    "        \"host\": \"localhost\",\n",
    "        \"username\": None,\n",
    "        \"password\": None,\n",
    "        \"debug\": False\n",
    "    }\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:\n",
    "        super().__init__(self.default_options)\n",
    "        self.update(kwargs)\n",
    "        # you can do the following instead of above two statements\n",
    "        #super().__init__({**self.default_options, **kwargs})\n",
    "        "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "id": "f2134525",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "options = Options(username=\"dusty\", password=\"Hunter2\", debug=True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 73,
   "id": "81ebaedb",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'port': 21,\n",
       " 'host': 'localhost',\n",
       " 'username': 'dusty',\n",
       " 'password': 'Hunter2',\n",
       " 'debug': True}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 73,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "options"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "78ec113f",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Unpacking arguments\n",
    "\n",
    "- `*vargs` can be unpacked as tuple or vice-versa\n",
    "- `**kwargs` can be unpacked as dictionary or vice-versa"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 86,
   "id": "31845ca5",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "t = (1, 2 , 3)\n",
    "t1 = (3, 4, 5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 85,
   "id": "f800680b",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1 2 3\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(*t)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 87,
   "id": "d22301ce",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "t3 = (*t, *t1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 88,
   "id": "d7da608b",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 88,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 79,
   "id": "26fb192f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}\n",
    "y = {'b': 11, 'c': 3}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 80,
   "id": "02e836b5",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "z = {**x, **y}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 81,
   "id": "a3e217f0",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'a': 1, 'b': 11, 'c': 3}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 81,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "z"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 74,
   "id": "b69781b0",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def show_args(arg1, arg2, arg3=\"THREE\"):\n",
    "    return f\"{arg1=}, {arg2=}, {arg3=}\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 75,
   "id": "19dd5e46",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'arg1=0, arg2=1, arg3=2'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 75,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "some_args = range(3)\n",
    "show_args(*some_args)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 76,
   "id": "f5678c06",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "more_args = {\n",
    "    \"arg1\": 1,\n",
    "    \"arg2\": 2\n",
    "}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 77,
   "id": "c62aa5c9",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "\"arg1=1, arg2=2, arg3='THREE'\""
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 77,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "show_args(**more_args)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "1d942950",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Functions are objects too\n",
    "\n",
    "- functions may needed to be passed to other functions, objects to perform some tasks\n",
    "- In Python, functions are already objects!\n",
    "    - we can set attributes, but not desirable.\n",
    "- any name defined with `def` keyword is callable objects\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 89,
   "id": "d9aefe7e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def fizz(x: int) -> bool:\n",
    "    return x%3 == 0\n",
    "\n",
    "def buzz(x: int) -> bool:\n",
    "    return x%6 == 0"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 144,
   "id": "b53b8221",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 144,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "callable(fizz)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 145,
   "id": "08b013bb",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 145,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "callable(buzz)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 94,
   "id": "b9e51d4f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'buzz'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 94,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "buzz.__name__"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 92,
   "id": "40bc305e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from typing import Callable\n",
    "\n",
    "def name_or_number(\n",
    "        number: int, \n",
    "        *tests: Callable[[int], bool]) -> str:\n",
    "    for t in tests:\n",
    "        if t(number):\n",
    "            return t.__name__\n",
    "        return str(number)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 100,
   "id": "a032fe64",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'1'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 100,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "name_or_number(1, fizz, buzz)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 101,
   "id": "6e2ff038",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'fizz'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 101,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "name_or_number(3, fizz, buzz)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 93,
   "id": "49888a00",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "fizz\n",
      "4\n",
      "5\n",
      "fizz\n",
      "7\n",
      "8\n",
      "fizz\n",
      "10\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(1, 11):\n",
    "    print(name_or_number(i, fizz, buzz))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "a675f4c4",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Function objects and callbacks\n",
    "\n",
    "- since functions are top-level objects, they can be easily passed around to be exectued in later date or after certain event (event-driven programming)\n",
    "- callbacks are common as part of buildint a user interface\n",
    "    - when the user clicks on something, the framework can call a function so the application code can create a visual response\n",
    "    - most common in long running tasks, to provide status updates over time; such as downloading/writing/saving large files\n",
    "- higher order functions take function as arguments called callbacks    \n",
    "- the following examples is adapted from: https://medium.com/analytics-vidhya/understanding-callbacks-a22e8957a73b\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 102,
   "id": "b76bcd3a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def slow_calculation(cb=None):\n",
    "    import time\n",
    "    res = 0\n",
    "    for i in range(5):\n",
    "        res += i*i\n",
    "        time.sleep(1)\n",
    "        if cb:\n",
    "            cb(i)\n",
    "    return res"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 104,
   "id": "a3b0c05f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "30"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 104,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "slow_calculation()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 105,
   "id": "8ddb4d44",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def print_with_param(num):\n",
    "    print(f\"Yay!! just completed {num} iteration\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 114,
   "id": "637685cf",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Yay!! just completed 0 iteration\n",
      "Yay!! just completed 1 iteration\n",
      "Yay!! just completed 2 iteration\n",
      "Yay!! just completed 3 iteration\n",
      "Yay!! just completed 4 iteration\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "30"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 114,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "slow_calculation(print_with_param)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 119,
   "id": "a0ec2ffc",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# using closure\n",
    "# ability of a function to remember the input to other function\n",
    "def show_progress_as_function(exclamation):\n",
    "    def _inner(iteration):\n",
    "        print(f'{exclamation} we are in {iteration} iteration')\n",
    "    return _inner"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 120,
   "id": "ce1f16a0",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "f1 = show_progress_as_function('Awesome!!')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 121,
   "id": "1e4a67cd",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Awesome!! we are in 1 iteration\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "f1(1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 122,
   "id": "5a291916",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Awesome!! we are in 0 iteration\n",
      "Awesome!! we are in 1 iteration\n",
      "Awesome!! we are in 2 iteration\n",
      "Awesome!! we are in 3 iteration\n",
      "Awesome!! we are in 4 iteration\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "30"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 122,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "slow_calculation(f1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 123,
   "id": "c92002b9",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# since call back only takes 1 argument, we can only pass callback that takes one argumen\n",
    "# chaning two argument function to 1 argument function is common practice in Python\n",
    "\n",
    "def show_progress(exclamation, iteration):\n",
    "    print(f'{exclamation} we are in {iteration} iteration')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 124,
   "id": "f5d45e50",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hooray!! we are in 1 iteration\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "show_progress('Hooray!!', 1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 125,
   "id": "863f2ca1",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "show_progress() missing 1 required positional argument: 'iteration'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[125], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[43mslow_calculation\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mshow_progress\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[102], line 8\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mslow_calculation\u001b[0;34m(cb)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      6\u001b[0m     time\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39msleep(\u001b[38;5;241m1\u001b[39m)\n\u001b[1;32m      7\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m cb:\n\u001b[0;32m----> 8\u001b[0m         \u001b[43mcb\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mi\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m      9\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m res\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: show_progress() missing 1 required positional argument: 'iteration'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# passing show_progress to slow_calculation with throw an error missing an argument\n",
    "slow_calculation(show_progress)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "a8f1a5f4",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Functools library\n",
    "\n",
    "- hihger-order functions and operations on callable objects\n",
    "    - function that act on or return other functions\n",
    "- https://docs.python.org/3/library/functools.html"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 127,
   "id": "195be5f9",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# fix\n",
    "from functools import partial"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 128,
   "id": "b9653c30",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "f1 = partial(show_progress, 'Hooray!!')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 129,
   "id": "6b853adc",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hooray!! we are in 2 iteration\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "f1(2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 131,
   "id": "d22734aa",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hooray!! we are in 0 iteration\n",
      "Hooray!! we are in 1 iteration\n",
      "Hooray!! we are in 2 iteration\n",
      "Hooray!! we are in 3 iteration\n",
      "Hooray!! we are in 4 iteration\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "30"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 131,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "slow_calculation(f1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "29a78be9",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Using functions to patch a class\n",
    "\n",
    "- not a usual; but could be useful in special situation\n",
    "    - **monkey patching** is used in automated testing, e.g."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 132,
   "id": "0dd7f248",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class A:\n",
    "    def show_something(self):\n",
    "        print(\"My class is A\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 147,
   "id": "deec2d23",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "mappingproxy({'__module__': '__main__',\n",
       "              'show_something': <function __main__.A.show_something(self)>,\n",
       "              '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'A' objects>,\n",
       "              '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'A' objects>,\n",
       "              '__doc__': None})"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 147,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "A.__dict__"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 133,
   "id": "4d3b7e78",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "My class is A\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = A()\n",
    "a.show_something()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 146,
   "id": "42dadea7",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 146,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# classes are callable\n",
    "# we need to call class to create objects\n",
    "callable(A)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 148,
   "id": "038a0bde",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 148,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# however, objects are not callable!\n",
    "callable(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 134,
   "id": "aee7b362",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 134,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# show_something method is callabe\n",
    "callable(A.show_something)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 140,
   "id": "a3a204cc",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def patched_show_something():\n",
    "    print('My class is NOT A')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 141,
   "id": "2df018f3",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 141,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "callable(patched_show_something)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 142,
   "id": "a4281b3a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a.show_something = patched_show_something"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 143,
   "id": "1ae8676a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "My class is NOT A\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.show_something()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "773d6c17",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Callable objects\n",
    "\n",
    "- just like functions, it is possible to create an object that can be called as though it were a function\n",
    "- an object can be made callable by giving it a `__call__()` method that accepts required arguments"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 149,
   "id": "de53ce96",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Counter:\n",
    "    def __init__(self):\n",
    "        self.count = 0\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def __call__(self):\n",
    "        self.count += 1\n",
    "        "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 150,
   "id": "b7966ecf",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "c = Counter()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 151,
   "id": "2e267fff",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 151,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c.count"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 152,
   "id": "959cf60d",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 152,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "callable(c)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 153,
   "id": "86497d06",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "c()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 154,
   "id": "11087815",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 154,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "c.count"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 155,
   "id": "58fbfc72",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# we can define a callabe object and pass it as a callback to a function\n",
    "class ProgressBar:\n",
    "    def __init__(self, exclamation):\n",
    "        self.exclamation = exclamation\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def __call__(self, counter):\n",
    "        print(f'{self.exclamation} we are in {counter} iteration')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "5b212ba5",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "slow_calculation(ProgressBar('Yahoo!!'))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "420e7e84",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## File I/O\n",
    "\n",
    "- important features of programming languages and software projects\n",
    "- use `open` built-in function to open file for various modes\n",
    "- steps:\n",
    "    1. open a file to read/write/append\n",
    "    2. do the operation\n",
    "    3. close the file \n",
    "- closing the file is an important step that one may forget"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 157,
   "id": "1024082b",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Help on function open in module io:\n",
      "\n",
      "open(file, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, closefd=True, opener=None)\n",
      "    Open file and return a stream.  Raise OSError upon failure.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    file is either a text or byte string giving the name (and the path\n",
      "    if the file isn't in the current working directory) of the file to\n",
      "    be opened or an integer file descriptor of the file to be\n",
      "    wrapped. (If a file descriptor is given, it is closed when the\n",
      "    returned I/O object is closed, unless closefd is set to False.)\n",
      "    \n",
      "    mode is an optional string that specifies the mode in which the file\n",
      "    is opened. It defaults to 'r' which means open for reading in text\n",
      "    mode.  Other common values are 'w' for writing (truncating the file if\n",
      "    it already exists), 'x' for creating and writing to a new file, and\n",
      "    'a' for appending (which on some Unix systems, means that all writes\n",
      "    append to the end of the file regardless of the current seek position).\n",
      "    In text mode, if encoding is not specified the encoding used is platform\n",
      "    dependent: locale.getpreferredencoding(False) is called to get the\n",
      "    current locale encoding. (For reading and writing raw bytes use binary\n",
      "    mode and leave encoding unspecified.) The available modes are:\n",
      "    \n",
      "    ========= ===============================================================\n",
      "    Character Meaning\n",
      "    --------- ---------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      "    'r'       open for reading (default)\n",
      "    'w'       open for writing, truncating the file first\n",
      "    'x'       create a new file and open it for writing\n",
      "    'a'       open for writing, appending to the end of the file if it exists\n",
      "    'b'       binary mode\n",
      "    't'       text mode (default)\n",
      "    '+'       open a disk file for updating (reading and writing)\n",
      "    'U'       universal newline mode (deprecated)\n",
      "    ========= ===============================================================\n",
      "    \n",
      "    The default mode is 'rt' (open for reading text). For binary random\n",
      "    access, the mode 'w+b' opens and truncates the file to 0 bytes, while\n",
      "    'r+b' opens the file without truncation. The 'x' mode implies 'w' and\n",
      "    raises an `FileExistsError` if the file already exists.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    Python distinguishes between files opened in binary and text modes,\n",
      "    even when the underlying operating system doesn't. Files opened in\n",
      "    binary mode (appending 'b' to the mode argument) return contents as\n",
      "    bytes objects without any decoding. In text mode (the default, or when\n",
      "    't' is appended to the mode argument), the contents of the file are\n",
      "    returned as strings, the bytes having been first decoded using a\n",
      "    platform-dependent encoding or using the specified encoding if given.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    'U' mode is deprecated and will raise an exception in future versions\n",
      "    of Python.  It has no effect in Python 3.  Use newline to control\n",
      "    universal newlines mode.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    buffering is an optional integer used to set the buffering policy.\n",
      "    Pass 0 to switch buffering off (only allowed in binary mode), 1 to select\n",
      "    line buffering (only usable in text mode), and an integer > 1 to indicate\n",
      "    the size of a fixed-size chunk buffer.  When no buffering argument is\n",
      "    given, the default buffering policy works as follows:\n",
      "    \n",
      "    * Binary files are buffered in fixed-size chunks; the size of the buffer\n",
      "      is chosen using a heuristic trying to determine the underlying device's\n",
      "      \"block size\" and falling back on `io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE`.\n",
      "      On many systems, the buffer will typically be 4096 or 8192 bytes long.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    * \"Interactive\" text files (files for which isatty() returns True)\n",
      "      use line buffering.  Other text files use the policy described above\n",
      "      for binary files.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    encoding is the name of the encoding used to decode or encode the\n",
      "    file. This should only be used in text mode. The default encoding is\n",
      "    platform dependent, but any encoding supported by Python can be\n",
      "    passed.  See the codecs module for the list of supported encodings.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    errors is an optional string that specifies how encoding errors are to\n",
      "    be handled---this argument should not be used in binary mode. Pass\n",
      "    'strict' to raise a ValueError exception if there is an encoding error\n",
      "    (the default of None has the same effect), or pass 'ignore' to ignore\n",
      "    errors. (Note that ignoring encoding errors can lead to data loss.)\n",
      "    See the documentation for codecs.register or run 'help(codecs.Codec)'\n",
      "    for a list of the permitted encoding error strings.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    newline controls how universal newlines works (it only applies to text\n",
      "    mode). It can be None, '', '\\n', '\\r', and '\\r\\n'.  It works as\n",
      "    follows:\n",
      "    \n",
      "    * On input, if newline is None, universal newlines mode is\n",
      "      enabled. Lines in the input can end in '\\n', '\\r', or '\\r\\n', and\n",
      "      these are translated into '\\n' before being returned to the\n",
      "      caller. If it is '', universal newline mode is enabled, but line\n",
      "      endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of\n",
      "      the other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given\n",
      "      string, and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    * On output, if newline is None, any '\\n' characters written are\n",
      "      translated to the system default line separator, os.linesep. If\n",
      "      newline is '' or '\\n', no translation takes place. If newline is any\n",
      "      of the other legal values, any '\\n' characters written are translated\n",
      "      to the given string.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    If closefd is False, the underlying file descriptor will be kept open\n",
      "    when the file is closed. This does not work when a file name is given\n",
      "    and must be True in that case.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    A custom opener can be used by passing a callable as *opener*. The\n",
      "    underlying file descriptor for the file object is then obtained by\n",
      "    calling *opener* with (*file*, *flags*). *opener* must return an open\n",
      "    file descriptor (passing os.open as *opener* results in functionality\n",
      "    similar to passing None).\n",
      "    \n",
      "    open() returns a file object whose type depends on the mode, and\n",
      "    through which the standard file operations such as reading and writing\n",
      "    are performed. When open() is used to open a file in a text mode ('w',\n",
      "    'r', 'wt', 'rt', etc.), it returns a TextIOWrapper. When used to open\n",
      "    a file in a binary mode, the returned class varies: in read binary\n",
      "    mode, it returns a BufferedReader; in write binary and append binary\n",
      "    modes, it returns a BufferedWriter, and in read/write mode, it returns\n",
      "    a BufferedRandom.\n",
      "    \n",
      "    It is also possible to use a string or bytearray as a file for both\n",
      "    reading and writing. For strings StringIO can be used like a file\n",
      "    opened in a text mode, and for bytes a BytesIO can be used like a file\n",
      "    opened in a binary mode.\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "help(open)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 165,
   "id": "fed4aa29",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# traditional way to open a file\n",
    "contents = \"Some file contents\\n\"\n",
    "file = open('filename.txt', 'w')\n",
    "file.write(contents)\n",
    "# what happens if an expcetion is raised in line 4?\n",
    "file.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 160,
   "id": "4d276676",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "file = open('filename.txt')\n",
    "data = file.read()\n",
    "# what happens if an exception is raised in line 3?\n",
    "file.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 161,
   "id": "f7f67e87",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Some file contents\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(data)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 162,
   "id": "b831bb43",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# reading and writing with context manager\n",
    "# Note the difference!\n",
    "with open('filename.txt', 'a') as output:\n",
    "    output.write('more new contents\\n')\n",
    "    output.write('one more..\\n')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 164,
   "id": "1059d2c5",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Some file contents\n",
      "more new contents\n",
      "one more..\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with open('filename.txt') as input:\n",
    "    for line in input:\n",
    "        print(line.strip())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ee42eb10",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Context managers\n",
    "\n",
    "- Python file objects are context managers\n",
    "- by using `with` statement, the context management methods ensure that the file is closed even if the exception is raised\n",
    "- context managers have many applications:\n",
    "    - when opening files, database or network connections\n",
    "    - esp. any place where external, operating system-managed resources are involved\n",
    "- any object can have context manager if needed with appropriate special methods that is used by `with` statements\n",
    "- let's extend the list cass to create a simple context manager that allows us to construct a sequence of characters and automatically convert it to a string upon exit\n",
    "    - string is immutable type; so converting it into list of characters is an efficient way to make changes in string\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 177,
   "id": "1b596bd0",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class StringJoiner(list):\n",
    "    def __enter__(self):\n",
    "        return self\n",
    "    \n",
    "    # if an exception occurs, inside the  with block,\n",
    "    # they will be set to values related to the type, value and traceback for the exception\n",
    "    def __exit__(self, ex_type, ex_value, ex_tb):\n",
    "        self.result = ''.join(self)\n",
    "        return False # this will make sure exception raised is seen\n",
    "        # change it to True and you'll not see exception in the following example"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 178,
   "id": "a1131045",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "with StringJoiner('Hello') as sj:\n",
    "    #print(sj) # sj is a list of chars built from Hello\n",
    "    sj.append(', ')\n",
    "    sj.append('world')\n",
    "    sj.append('!')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 179,
   "id": "f46e4691",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Hello, world!'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 179,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sj.result"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 180,
   "id": "a418d7bf",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "ZeroDivisionError",
     "evalue": "division by zero",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[180], line 5\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      3\u001b[0m sj\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mappend(\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m \u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m)\n\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m sj\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mextend(\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mResults\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m)\n\u001b[0;32m----> 5\u001b[0m sj\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mappend(\u001b[38;5;28mstr\u001b[39m(\u001b[38;5;241;43m2\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m/\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m0\u001b[39;49m))\n\u001b[1;32m      6\u001b[0m sj\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mextend(\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mEven if there\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124ms an exception\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m)\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m: division by zero"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# __exit__ is always executed even there's an exception\n",
    "with StringJoiner('Partial') as sj:\n",
    "    sj.append(\" \")\n",
    "    sj.extend(\"Results\")\n",
    "    sj.append(str(2/0))\n",
    "    sj.extend(\"Even if there's an exception\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 176,
   "id": "69cb7538",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Partial Results'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 176,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sj.result"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "3d426d9f",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Using contextmanager decorator\n",
    "\n",
    "- the above example is stateful context manager\n",
    "- we can use a function to separate the state-changing object from the context manager that makes the state change\n",
    "- **@contextmanager** decorator is used to add some features around function to make it work like a context manager class definition "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 181,
   "id": "5e1e6417",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class StringJoiner2(list[str]):\n",
    "    def __init__(self, *args: str) -> None:\n",
    "        super().__init__(*args)\n",
    "        self.result = \"\".join(self)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 183,
   "id": "48bf9f9b",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# functional context manager that some steps for entering the context and exiting it\n",
    "\n",
    "from contextlib import contextmanager\n",
    "\n",
    "@contextmanager\n",
    "def joiner(*args):\n",
    "    # called on __enter__\n",
    "    string_list = StringJoiner2(*args)\n",
    "    try:\n",
    "        yield string_list\n",
    "    finally:\n",
    "        string_list.result = ''.join(string_list)\n",
    "    "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 185,
   "id": "78164c34",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "with joiner('Hello') as join:\n",
    "    join.append('Good')\n",
    "    join.extend('Bye!')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 186,
   "id": "855e48f1",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', 'Good', 'B', 'y', 'e', '!']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 186,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "join"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 187,
   "id": "6bfdff72",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'HelloGoodBye!'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 187,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "join.result"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 188,
   "id": "70daf455",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "ZeroDivisionError",
     "evalue": "division by zero",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[188], line 3\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mwith\u001b[39;00m joiner(\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mHello\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m) \u001b[38;5;28;01mas\u001b[39;00m join:\n\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m     join\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mappend(\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mGood\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m)\n\u001b[0;32m----> 3\u001b[0m     join\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mappend(\u001b[38;5;28mstr\u001b[39m(\u001b[38;5;241;43m2\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m/\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m0\u001b[39;49m))\n\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m     join\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mextend(\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mBye!\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m'\u001b[39m)\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m: division by zero"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "with joiner('Hello') as join:\n",
    "    join.append('Good')\n",
    "    join.append(str(2/0))\n",
    "    join.extend('Bye!')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 189,
   "id": "bc133d76",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'HelloGood'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 189,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "join.result"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "7e4bbd79",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
 ],
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