[ENH] Improve Exception Handling

[Casper-Guo]

Proposed new feature or change:

Discussed in #536

To be worked on:

A well-thought-out plan on how to improve the current situation, which (additional) exceptions might be necessary, which base classes to use, ... would already be a good step in the right direction.

Ideas:

all exceptions can be imported from a single submodule, either directly from fastf1 or from something like fastf1.exceptions
all exceptions are documented
all exceptions use reasonable base classes: that might be Exception for some, a more specific default exception like ValueError for others or another more general custom exception
the exceptions are logically structured and extensible (similar to how the two Ergast exceptions inherit from a common base class)