5_02_Intro_To_GeoPandas.ipynb

{
  "nbformat": 4,
  "nbformat_minor": 0,
  "metadata": {
    "colab": {
      "provenance": [],
      "authorship_tag": "ABX9TyOxJH5nF4eg+Q78YbMxSFwH",
      "include_colab_link": true
    },
    "kernelspec": {
      "name": "python3",
      "display_name": "Python 3"
    },
    "language_info": {
      "name": "python"
    }
  },
  "cells": [
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "view-in-github",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "<a href=\"https://colab.research.google.com/github/edwardoughton/spatial_computing/blob/main/5_02_Intro_To_GeoPandas.ipynb\" target=\"_parent\"><img src=\"https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg\" alt=\"Open In Colab\"/></a>"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "# Intro to `GeoPandas`\n",
        "\n",
        "The beauty of `GeoPandas` is that it enables us to manage spatial info using the Python Data Analysis Library: https://pandas.pydata.org\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "OLF4Yps07FEb"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "## A quick recap on `Pandas`\n",
        "\n",
        "`Pandas` is a Python package \"providing fast, flexible, and expressive data structures designed to make working with “relational” or “labeled” data both easy and intuitive\".\n",
        "\n",
        "It provides us with a range of capabilities:\n",
        "\n",
        "* DataFrame object for data manipulation with integrated indexing.\n",
        "* Tools for reading and writing data between in-memory data structures and different file formats.\n",
        "* Data alignment and integrated handling of missing data.\n",
        "* Reshaping and pivoting of data sets.\n",
        "* Label-based slicing, fancy indexing, and subsetting of large data sets.\n",
        "* Data structure column insertion and deletion.\n",
        "* Group by engine allowing split-apply-combine operations on data sets.\n",
        "* Data set merging and joining.\n",
        "* Hierarchical axis indexing to work with high-dimensional data in a lower-dimensional data structure.\n",
        "* Time series-functionality: Date range generation[6] and frequency conversions, moving window statistics, moving window linear regressions, date shifting and lagging.\n",
        "* Provides data filtration."
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "D-oPiOq_7Zr1"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "## So what is special about `GeoPandas`?\n",
        "\n",
        "*`GeoPandas` is a project to add support for geographic data to pandas objects. It currently implements GeoSeries and GeoDataFrame types which are subclasses of pandas.Series and pandas.DataFrame respectively. GeoPandas objects can act on shapely geometry objects and perform geometric operations.*\n",
        "\n",
        "See the Git repo for more information: https://github.com/geopandas/geopandas\n",
        "\n",
        "The `GeoPandas` dataframe holds a geometry column which enables cartesian geometry operations (meaning it can interpret pairs of numerical coordinates in space).\n",
        "\n",
        "The coordinate reference system (crs) can be stored as an attribute on an object, and is automatically set when loading from a file. Objects may be transformed to new coordinate systems with the `.to_crs()` method.\n",
        "\n",
        "Here we will cover the following basic operations:\n",
        "\n",
        "* Reading data to a geopandas dataframe\n",
        "* Manipulating column data\n",
        "* Creating a new column\n",
        "* Changing coordinate reference systems\n",
        "* Writing data to a geopandas dataframe"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "DvQ71pLr7nlM"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "## Reading data into `GeoPandas`\n",
        "\n",
        "To begin, we first need to import data into our colab notebook.\n",
        "\n",
        "First, download from the MyMason Blackboard site the .zip file, and then right-click and unzip/extract.\n",
        "\n",
        "Now run the code cell below, select all associated files and import (.shp, .dbf, .cpg, .prj, .qmd, .shx)."
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "LYso5HLg8E1_"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# Example: Loading data from a local machine\n",
        "from google.colab import files\n",
        "uploaded = files.upload()"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 215
        },
        "id": "H82bnjE48Fmy",
        "outputId": "3c6ed699-5653-4cf2-8f59-1d0ec9c35127"
      },
      "execution_count": 3,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "display_data",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
            ],
            "text/html": [
              "\n",
              "     <input type=\"file\" id=\"files-f8efea9e-cb17-49ab-a656-736032e07584\" name=\"files[]\" multiple disabled\n",
              "        style=\"border:none\" />\n",
              "     <output id=\"result-f8efea9e-cb17-49ab-a656-736032e07584\">\n",
              "      Upload widget is only available when the cell has been executed in the\n",
              "      current browser session. Please rerun this cell to enable.\n",
              "      </output>\n",
              "      <script>// Copyright 2017 Google LLC\n",
              "//\n",
              "// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n",
              "// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n",
              "// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n",
              "//\n",
              "//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n",
              "//\n",
              "// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n",
              "// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n",
              "// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n",
              "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n",
              "// limitations under the License.\n",
              "\n",
              "/**\n",
              " * @fileoverview Helpers for google.colab Python module.\n",
              " */\n",
              "(function(scope) {\n",
              "function span(text, styleAttributes = {}) {\n",
              "  const element = document.createElement('span');\n",
              "  element.textContent = text;\n",
              "  for (const key of Object.keys(styleAttributes)) {\n",
              "    element.style[key] = styleAttributes[key];\n",
              "  }\n",
              "  return element;\n",
              "}\n",
              "\n",
              "// Max number of bytes which will be uploaded at a time.\n",
              "const MAX_PAYLOAD_SIZE = 100 * 1024;\n",
              "\n",
              "function _uploadFiles(inputId, outputId) {\n",
              "  const steps = uploadFilesStep(inputId, outputId);\n",
              "  const outputElement = document.getElementById(outputId);\n",
              "  // Cache steps on the outputElement to make it available for the next call\n",
              "  // to uploadFilesContinue from Python.\n",
              "  outputElement.steps = steps;\n",
              "\n",
              "  return _uploadFilesContinue(outputId);\n",
              "}\n",
              "\n",
              "// This is roughly an async generator (not supported in the browser yet),\n",
              "// where there are multiple asynchronous steps and the Python side is going\n",
              "// to poll for completion of each step.\n",
              "// This uses a Promise to block the python side on completion of each step,\n",
              "// then passes the result of the previous step as the input to the next step.\n",
              "function _uploadFilesContinue(outputId) {\n",
              "  const outputElement = document.getElementById(outputId);\n",
              "  const steps = outputElement.steps;\n",
              "\n",
              "  const next = steps.next(outputElement.lastPromiseValue);\n",
              "  return Promise.resolve(next.value.promise).then((value) => {\n",
              "    // Cache the last promise value to make it available to the next\n",
              "    // step of the generator.\n",
              "    outputElement.lastPromiseValue = value;\n",
              "    return next.value.response;\n",
              "  });\n",
              "}\n",
              "\n",
              "/**\n",
              " * Generator function which is called between each async step of the upload\n",
              " * process.\n",
              " * @param {string} inputId Element ID of the input file picker element.\n",
              " * @param {string} outputId Element ID of the output display.\n",
              " * @return {!Iterable<!Object>} Iterable of next steps.\n",
              " */\n",
              "function* uploadFilesStep(inputId, outputId) {\n",
              "  const inputElement = document.getElementById(inputId);\n",
              "  inputElement.disabled = false;\n",
              "\n",
              "  const outputElement = document.getElementById(outputId);\n",
              "  outputElement.innerHTML = '';\n",
              "\n",
              "  const pickedPromise = new Promise((resolve) => {\n",
              "    inputElement.addEventListener('change', (e) => {\n",
              "      resolve(e.target.files);\n",
              "    });\n",
              "  });\n",
              "\n",
              "  const cancel = document.createElement('button');\n",
              "  inputElement.parentElement.appendChild(cancel);\n",
              "  cancel.textContent = 'Cancel upload';\n",
              "  const cancelPromise = new Promise((resolve) => {\n",
              "    cancel.onclick = () => {\n",
              "      resolve(null);\n",
              "    };\n",
              "  });\n",
              "\n",
              "  // Wait for the user to pick the files.\n",
              "  const files = yield {\n",
              "    promise: Promise.race([pickedPromise, cancelPromise]),\n",
              "    response: {\n",
              "      action: 'starting',\n",
              "    }\n",
              "  };\n",
              "\n",
              "  cancel.remove();\n",
              "\n",
              "  // Disable the input element since further picks are not allowed.\n",
              "  inputElement.disabled = true;\n",
              "\n",
              "  if (!files) {\n",
              "    return {\n",
              "      response: {\n",
              "        action: 'complete',\n",
              "      }\n",
              "    };\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  for (const file of files) {\n",
              "    const li = document.createElement('li');\n",
              "    li.append(span(file.name, {fontWeight: 'bold'}));\n",
              "    li.append(span(\n",
              "        `(${file.type || 'n/a'}) - ${file.size} bytes, ` +\n",
              "        `last modified: ${\n",
              "            file.lastModifiedDate ? file.lastModifiedDate.toLocaleDateString() :\n",
              "                                    'n/a'} - `));\n",
              "    const percent = span('0% done');\n",
              "    li.appendChild(percent);\n",
              "\n",
              "    outputElement.appendChild(li);\n",
              "\n",
              "    const fileDataPromise = new Promise((resolve) => {\n",
              "      const reader = new FileReader();\n",
              "      reader.onload = (e) => {\n",
              "        resolve(e.target.result);\n",
              "      };\n",
              "      reader.readAsArrayBuffer(file);\n",
              "    });\n",
              "    // Wait for the data to be ready.\n",
              "    let fileData = yield {\n",
              "      promise: fileDataPromise,\n",
              "      response: {\n",
              "        action: 'continue',\n",
              "      }\n",
              "    };\n",
              "\n",
              "    // Use a chunked sending to avoid message size limits. See b/62115660.\n",
              "    let position = 0;\n",
              "    do {\n",
              "      const length = Math.min(fileData.byteLength - position, MAX_PAYLOAD_SIZE);\n",
              "      const chunk = new Uint8Array(fileData, position, length);\n",
              "      position += length;\n",
              "\n",
              "      const base64 = btoa(String.fromCharCode.apply(null, chunk));\n",
              "      yield {\n",
              "        response: {\n",
              "          action: 'append',\n",
              "          file: file.name,\n",
              "          data: base64,\n",
              "        },\n",
              "      };\n",
              "\n",
              "      let percentDone = fileData.byteLength === 0 ?\n",
              "          100 :\n",
              "          Math.round((position / fileData.byteLength) * 100);\n",
              "      percent.textContent = `${percentDone}% done`;\n",
              "\n",
              "    } while (position < fileData.byteLength);\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  // All done.\n",
              "  yield {\n",
              "    response: {\n",
              "      action: 'complete',\n",
              "    }\n",
              "  };\n",
              "}\n",
              "\n",
              "scope.google = scope.google || {};\n",
              "scope.google.colab = scope.google.colab || {};\n",
              "scope.google.colab._files = {\n",
              "  _uploadFiles,\n",
              "  _uploadFilesContinue,\n",
              "};\n",
              "})(self);\n",
              "</script> "
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {}
        },
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "Saving virginia.cpg to virginia.cpg\n",
            "Saving virginia.dbf to virginia.dbf\n",
            "Saving virginia.prj to virginia.prj\n",
            "Saving virginia.qmd to virginia.qmd\n",
            "Saving virginia.shx to virginia.shx\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "Much like with `Pandas`, we will now import the package as normal, e.g., `import geopandas`.\n",
        "\n",
        "To simplify the calling of this package, we can specify a shortened version of the name using the in-built Python command `as`. It is common to load `geopandas` in short form as `gpd`.\n",
        "\n",
        "Moreover, once loaded we can import our files using the `.read_file()` function, and then passing the filepath or filename. As we have loaded this data already into our memory, calling via the filename is sufficient to find the data file."
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "FaC4XZtK-QX5"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# Example: Importing the geopandas package\n",
        "import geopandas as gpd\n",
        "\n",
        "# Example: Importing the .shp file via `.read_file()`\n",
        "# As we know the crs here, we will specify it on import\n",
        "gdf = gpd.read_file('virginia.shp', crs='epsg:4326')\n",
        "\n",
        "# Example: Viewing our geodataframe\n",
        "gdf"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 1000
        },
        "id": "5CBUIUTJ-QE6",
        "outputId": "9d76aa63-dd44-4a21-c80e-fbbf7e6aef8b"
      },
      "execution_count": 21,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "    GID_0         NAME_0     GID_1    NAME_1 NL_NAME_1         GID_2  \\\n",
              "0     USA  United States  USA.47_1  Virginia      None    USA.47.1_1   \n",
              "1     USA  United States  USA.47_1  Virginia      None    USA.47.2_1   \n",
              "2     USA  United States  USA.47_1  Virginia      None    USA.47.3_1   \n",
              "3     USA  United States  USA.47_1  Virginia      None    USA.47.4_1   \n",
              "4     USA  United States  USA.47_1  Virginia      None    USA.47.5_1   \n",
              "..    ...            ...       ...       ...       ...           ...   \n",
              "128   USA  United States  USA.47_1  Virginia      None  USA.47.129_1   \n",
              "129   USA  United States  USA.47_1  Virginia      None  USA.47.130_1   \n",
              "130   USA  United States  USA.47_1  Virginia      None  USA.47.131_1   \n",
              "131   USA  United States  USA.47_1  Virginia      None  USA.47.132_1   \n",
              "132   USA  United States  USA.47_1  Virginia      None  USA.47.133_1   \n",
              "\n",
              "           NAME_2 VARNAME_2 NL_NAME_2            TYPE_2         ENGTYPE_2  \\\n",
              "0        Accomack      None      None            County            County   \n",
              "1       Albemarle      None      None            County            County   \n",
              "2      Alexandria      None      None  Independent City  Independent City   \n",
              "3       Alleghany      None      None            County            County   \n",
              "4          Amelia      None      None            County            County   \n",
              "..            ...       ...       ...               ...               ...   \n",
              "128  Williamsburg      None      None  Independent City  Independent City   \n",
              "129    Winchester      None      None  Independent City  Independent City   \n",
              "130          Wise      None      None            County            County   \n",
              "131         Wythe      None      None            County            County   \n",
              "132          York      None      None            County            County   \n",
              "\n",
              "     CC_2    HASC_2       area_m2  \\\n",
              "0    None  US.VA.AC  1.237202e+09   \n",
              "1    None  US.VA.AB  1.874287e+09   \n",
              "2    None  US.VA.AX  4.057266e+07   \n",
              "3    None  US.VA.AL  1.155584e+09   \n",
              "4    None  US.VA.AI  9.540803e+08   \n",
              "..    ...       ...           ...   \n",
              "128  None  US.VA.WL  2.528451e+07   \n",
              "129  None  US.VA.WH  2.348413e+07   \n",
              "130  None  US.VA.WI  1.046817e+09   \n",
              "131  None  US.VA.WY  1.202077e+09   \n",
              "132  None  US.VA.YO  2.821160e+08   \n",
              "\n",
              "                                              geometry  \n",
              "0    MULTIPOLYGON (((-75.39167 37.87611, -75.39111 ...  \n",
              "1    POLYGON ((-78.30585 38.00703, -78.48742 37.801...  \n",
              "2    POLYGON ((-77.04556 38.83995, -77.04572 38.839...  \n",
              "3    POLYGON ((-79.67441 37.76433, -79.81663 37.801...  \n",
              "4    POLYGON ((-77.85803 37.41931, -77.85926 37.416...  \n",
              "..                                                 ...  \n",
              "128  POLYGON ((-76.72942 37.31218, -76.71548 37.282...  \n",
              "129  POLYGON ((-78.17207 39.14291, -78.17874 39.135...  \n",
              "130  POLYGON ((-82.39923 36.88140, -82.40098 36.885...  \n",
              "131  POLYGON ((-81.38007 36.95195, -81.37292 36.965...  \n",
              "132  MULTIPOLYGON (((-76.43272 37.09458, -76.44245 ...  \n",
              "\n",
              "[133 rows x 15 columns]"
            ],
            "text/html": [
              "\n",
              "  <div id=\"df-809780b6-c7e0-483b-9298-af988ed4becb\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
              "    <div>\n",
              "<style scoped>\n",
              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
              "        text-align: right;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "</style>\n",
              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
              "  <thead>\n",
              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
              "      <th></th>\n",
              "      <th>GID_0</th>\n",
              "      <th>NAME_0</th>\n",
              "      <th>GID_1</th>\n",
              "      <th>NAME_1</th>\n",
              "      <th>NL_NAME_1</th>\n",
              "      <th>GID_2</th>\n",
              "      <th>NAME_2</th>\n",
              "      <th>VARNAME_2</th>\n",
              "      <th>NL_NAME_2</th>\n",
              "      <th>TYPE_2</th>\n",
              "      <th>ENGTYPE_2</th>\n",
              "      <th>CC_2</th>\n",
              "      <th>HASC_2</th>\n",
              "      <th>area_m2</th>\n",
              "      <th>geometry</th>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "  </thead>\n",
              "  <tbody>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>0</th>\n",
              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
              "      <td>USA.47_1</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>USA.47.1_1</td>\n",
              "      <td>Accomack</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>US.VA.AC</td>\n",
              "      <td>1.237202e+09</td>\n",
              "      <td>MULTIPOLYGON (((-75.39167 37.87611, -75.39111 ...</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>1</th>\n",
              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
              "      <td>USA.47_1</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>USA.47.2_1</td>\n",
              "      <td>Albemarle</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>US.VA.AB</td>\n",
              "      <td>1.874287e+09</td>\n",
              "      <td>POLYGON ((-78.30585 38.00703, -78.48742 37.801...</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>2</th>\n",
              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
              "      <td>USA.47_1</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>USA.47.3_1</td>\n",
              "      <td>Alexandria</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>Independent City</td>\n",
              "      <td>Independent City</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>US.VA.AX</td>\n",
              "      <td>4.057266e+07</td>\n",
              "      <td>POLYGON ((-77.04556 38.83995, -77.04572 38.839...</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>3</th>\n",
              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
              "      <td>USA.47_1</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>USA.47.4_1</td>\n",
              "      <td>Alleghany</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>US.VA.AL</td>\n",
              "      <td>1.155584e+09</td>\n",
              "      <td>POLYGON ((-79.67441 37.76433, -79.81663 37.801...</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>4</th>\n",
              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
              "      <td>USA.47_1</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>USA.47.5_1</td>\n",
              "      <td>Amelia</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>US.VA.AI</td>\n",
              "      <td>9.540803e+08</td>\n",
              "      <td>POLYGON ((-77.85803 37.41931, -77.85926 37.416...</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>...</th>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>128</th>\n",
              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
              "      <td>USA.47_1</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>USA.47.129_1</td>\n",
              "      <td>Williamsburg</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>Independent City</td>\n",
              "      <td>Independent City</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>US.VA.WL</td>\n",
              "      <td>2.528451e+07</td>\n",
              "      <td>POLYGON ((-76.72942 37.31218, -76.71548 37.282...</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>129</th>\n",
              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
              "      <td>USA.47_1</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>USA.47.130_1</td>\n",
              "      <td>Winchester</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>Independent City</td>\n",
              "      <td>Independent City</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>US.VA.WH</td>\n",
              "      <td>2.348413e+07</td>\n",
              "      <td>POLYGON ((-78.17207 39.14291, -78.17874 39.135...</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>130</th>\n",
              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
              "      <td>USA.47_1</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>USA.47.131_1</td>\n",
              "      <td>Wise</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>US.VA.WI</td>\n",
              "      <td>1.046817e+09</td>\n",
              "      <td>POLYGON ((-82.39923 36.88140, -82.40098 36.885...</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>131</th>\n",
              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
              "      <td>USA.47_1</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>USA.47.132_1</td>\n",
              "      <td>Wythe</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>US.VA.WY</td>\n",
              "      <td>1.202077e+09</td>\n",
              "      <td>POLYGON ((-81.38007 36.95195, -81.37292 36.965...</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>132</th>\n",
              "      <td>USA</td>\n",
              "      <td>United States</td>\n",
              "      <td>USA.47_1</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>USA.47.133_1</td>\n",
              "      <td>York</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "      <td>None</td>\n",
              "      <td>US.VA.YO</td>\n",
              "      <td>2.821160e+08</td>\n",
              "      <td>MULTIPOLYGON (((-76.43272 37.09458, -76.44245 ...</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "  </tbody>\n",
              "</table>\n",
              "<p>133 rows × 15 columns</p>\n",
              "</div>\n",
              "    <div class=\"colab-df-buttons\">\n",
              "\n",
              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
              "    <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-809780b6-c7e0-483b-9298-af988ed4becb')\"\n",
              "            title=\"Convert this dataframe to an interactive table.\"\n",
              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
              "\n",
              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\">\n",
              "    <path d=\"M120-120v-720h720v720H120Zm60-500h600v-160H180v160Zm220 220h160v-160H400v160Zm0 220h160v-160H400v160ZM180-400h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160ZM180-180h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160Z\"/>\n",
              "  </svg>\n",
              "    </button>\n",
              "\n",
              "  <style>\n",
              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
              "      display:flex;\n",
              "      gap: 12px;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
              "      background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
              "      border: none;\n",
              "      border-radius: 50%;\n",
              "      cursor: pointer;\n",
              "      display: none;\n",
              "      fill: #1967D2;\n",
              "      height: 32px;\n",
              "      padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
              "      width: 32px;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "  </style>\n",
              "\n",
              "    <script>\n",
              "      const buttonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#df-809780b6-c7e0-483b-9298-af988ed4becb button.colab-df-convert');\n",
              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
              "\n",
              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-809780b6-c7e0-483b-9298-af988ed4becb');\n",
              "        const dataTable =\n",
              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
              "\n",
              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
              "      }\n",
              "    </script>\n",
              "  </div>\n",
              "\n",
              "\n",
              "<div id=\"df-90a026ac-3fd5-4e01-992d-804caaf83074\">\n",
              "  <button class=\"colab-df-quickchart\" onclick=\"quickchart('df-90a026ac-3fd5-4e01-992d-804caaf83074')\"\n",
              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
              "\n",
              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
              "     width=\"24px\">\n",
              "    <g>\n",
              "        <path d=\"M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM9 17H7v-7h2v7zm4 0h-2V7h2v10zm4 0h-2v-4h2v4z\"/>\n",
              "    </g>\n",
              "</svg>\n",
              "  </button>\n",
              "\n",
              "<style>\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
              "      --fill-color: #1967D2;\n",
              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
              "      --disabled-fill-color: #AAA;\n",
              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
              "    border: none;\n",
              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
              "    display: none;\n",
              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    height: 32px;\n",
              "    padding: 0;\n",
              "    width: 32px;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    animation:\n",
              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
              "    0% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    20% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    30% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    40% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    60% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    80% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    90% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "  }\n",
              "</style>\n",
              "\n",
              "  <script>\n",
              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
              "      try {\n",
              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
              "      } catch (error) {\n",
              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
              "      }\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    (() => {\n",
              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#df-90a026ac-3fd5-4e01-992d-804caaf83074 button');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
              "    })();\n",
              "  </script>\n",
              "</div>\n",
              "\n",
              "  <div id=\"id_f2ee5120-540a-4a9e-8188-a8a024278bd5\">\n",
              "    <style>\n",
              "      .colab-df-generate {\n",
              "        background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
              "        border: none;\n",
              "        border-radius: 50%;\n",
              "        cursor: pointer;\n",
              "        display: none;\n",
              "        fill: #1967D2;\n",
              "        height: 32px;\n",
              "        padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
              "        width: 32px;\n",
              "      }\n",
              "\n",
              "      .colab-df-generate:hover {\n",
              "        background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
              "        box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
              "        fill: #174EA6;\n",
              "      }\n",
              "\n",
              "      [theme=dark] .colab-df-generate {\n",
              "        background-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "        fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
              "      }\n",
              "\n",
              "      [theme=dark] .colab-df-generate:hover {\n",
              "        background-color: #434B5C;\n",
              "        box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
              "        filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
              "        fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
              "      }\n",
              "    </style>\n",
              "    <button class=\"colab-df-generate\" onclick=\"generateWithVariable('gdf')\"\n",
              "            title=\"Generate code using this dataframe.\"\n",
              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
              "\n",
              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
              "       width=\"24px\">\n",
              "    <path d=\"M7,19H8.4L18.45,9,17,7.55,7,17.6ZM5,21V16.75L18.45,3.32a2,2,0,0,1,2.83,0l1.4,1.43a1.91,1.91,0,0,1,.58,1.4,1.91,1.91,0,0,1-.58,1.4L9.25,21ZM18.45,9,17,7.55Zm-12,3A5.31,5.31,0,0,0,4.9,8.1,5.31,5.31,0,0,0,1,6.5,5.31,5.31,0,0,0,4.9,4.9,5.31,5.31,0,0,0,6.5,1,5.31,5.31,0,0,0,8.1,4.9,5.31,5.31,0,0,0,12,6.5,5.46,5.46,0,0,0,6.5,12Z\"/>\n",
              "  </svg>\n",
              "    </button>\n",
              "    <script>\n",
              "      (() => {\n",
              "      const buttonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#id_f2ee5120-540a-4a9e-8188-a8a024278bd5 button.colab-df-generate');\n",
              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
              "\n",
              "      buttonEl.onclick = () => {\n",
              "        google.colab.notebook.generateWithVariable('gdf');\n",
              "      }\n",
              "      })();\n",
              "    </script>\n",
              "  </div>\n",
              "\n",
              "    </div>\n",
              "  </div>\n"
            ],
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "dataframe",
              "variable_name": "gdf",
              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \"gdf\",\n  \"rows\": 133,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": \"GID_0\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"category\",\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"USA\"\n        ],\n        \"num_unique_values\": 1,\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"NAME_0\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"category\",\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"United States\"\n        ],\n        \"num_unique_values\": 1,\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"GID_1\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"category\",\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"USA.47_1\"\n        ],\n        \"num_unique_values\": 1,\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"NAME_1\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"category\",\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"Virginia\"\n        ],\n        \"num_unique_values\": 1,\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"NL_NAME_1\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"date\",\n        \"min\": NaN,\n        \"max\": NaN,\n        \"samples\": [],\n        \"num_unique_values\": 0,\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"GID_2\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"samples\": [],\n        \"num_unique_values\": 133,\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"NAME_2\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"samples\": [],\n        \"num_unique_values\": 133,\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"VARNAME_2\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"date\",\n        \"min\": NaN,\n        \"max\": NaN,\n        \"samples\": [],\n        \"num_unique_values\": 0,\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"NL_NAME_2\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"date\",\n        \"min\": NaN,\n        \"max\": NaN,\n        \"samples\": [],\n        \"num_unique_values\": 0,\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"TYPE_2\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"category\",\n        \"samples\": [],\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"ENGTYPE_2\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"category\",\n        \"samples\": [],\n        \"num_unique_values\": 2,\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"CC_2\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"date\",\n        \"min\": NaN,\n        \"max\": NaN,\n        \"samples\": [],\n        \"num_unique_values\": 0,\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"HASC_2\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"samples\": [],\n        \"num_unique_values\": 130,\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"area_m2\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 546761465.2255269,\n        \"min\": 5121049.0,\n        \"max\": 2135881041.0,\n        \"samples\": [],\n        \"num_unique_values\": 130,\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"geometry\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"geometry\",\n        \"samples\": [],\n        \"num_unique_values\": 133,\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 21
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "What do you notice that is different about this dataframe?\n",
        "\n",
        "To make it easier to view, let us subset columns of interest."
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "VV6d1iZF_EyC"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# Example: Subsetting our geodataframe\n",
        "gdf = gdf[['geometry', 'NAME_1', 'NAME_2', 'TYPE_2']]\n",
        "gdf"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 423
        },
        "id": "VUIiJu24BesU",
        "outputId": "6cc8cf5c-6459-4721-fcba-9377b08013a3"
      },
      "execution_count": 22,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "                                              geometry    NAME_1  \\\n",
              "0    MULTIPOLYGON (((-75.39167 37.87611, -75.39111 ...  Virginia   \n",
              "1    POLYGON ((-78.30585 38.00703, -78.48742 37.801...  Virginia   \n",
              "2    POLYGON ((-77.04556 38.83995, -77.04572 38.839...  Virginia   \n",
              "3    POLYGON ((-79.67441 37.76433, -79.81663 37.801...  Virginia   \n",
              "4    POLYGON ((-77.85803 37.41931, -77.85926 37.416...  Virginia   \n",
              "..                                                 ...       ...   \n",
              "128  POLYGON ((-76.72942 37.31218, -76.71548 37.282...  Virginia   \n",
              "129  POLYGON ((-78.17207 39.14291, -78.17874 39.135...  Virginia   \n",
              "130  POLYGON ((-82.39923 36.88140, -82.40098 36.885...  Virginia   \n",
              "131  POLYGON ((-81.38007 36.95195, -81.37292 36.965...  Virginia   \n",
              "132  MULTIPOLYGON (((-76.43272 37.09458, -76.44245 ...  Virginia   \n",
              "\n",
              "           NAME_2            TYPE_2  \n",
              "0        Accomack            County  \n",
              "1       Albemarle            County  \n",
              "2      Alexandria  Independent City  \n",
              "3       Alleghany            County  \n",
              "4          Amelia            County  \n",
              "..            ...               ...  \n",
              "128  Williamsburg  Independent City  \n",
              "129    Winchester  Independent City  \n",
              "130          Wise            County  \n",
              "131         Wythe            County  \n",
              "132          York            County  \n",
              "\n",
              "[133 rows x 4 columns]"
            ],
            "text/html": [
              "\n",
              "  <div id=\"df-26794218-4b1a-44c8-a600-97336dadd3d5\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
              "    <div>\n",
              "<style scoped>\n",
              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
              "        text-align: right;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "</style>\n",
              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
              "  <thead>\n",
              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
              "      <th></th>\n",
              "      <th>geometry</th>\n",
              "      <th>NAME_1</th>\n",
              "      <th>NAME_2</th>\n",
              "      <th>TYPE_2</th>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "  </thead>\n",
              "  <tbody>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>0</th>\n",
              "      <td>MULTIPOLYGON (((-75.39167 37.87611, -75.39111 ...</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>Accomack</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>1</th>\n",
              "      <td>POLYGON ((-78.30585 38.00703, -78.48742 37.801...</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>Albemarle</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>2</th>\n",
              "      <td>POLYGON ((-77.04556 38.83995, -77.04572 38.839...</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>Alexandria</td>\n",
              "      <td>Independent City</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>3</th>\n",
              "      <td>POLYGON ((-79.67441 37.76433, -79.81663 37.801...</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>Alleghany</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>4</th>\n",
              "      <td>POLYGON ((-77.85803 37.41931, -77.85926 37.416...</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>Amelia</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>...</th>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>128</th>\n",
              "      <td>POLYGON ((-76.72942 37.31218, -76.71548 37.282...</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>Williamsburg</td>\n",
              "      <td>Independent City</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>129</th>\n",
              "      <td>POLYGON ((-78.17207 39.14291, -78.17874 39.135...</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>Winchester</td>\n",
              "      <td>Independent City</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>130</th>\n",
              "      <td>POLYGON ((-82.39923 36.88140, -82.40098 36.885...</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>Wise</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>131</th>\n",
              "      <td>POLYGON ((-81.38007 36.95195, -81.37292 36.965...</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>Wythe</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>132</th>\n",
              "      <td>MULTIPOLYGON (((-76.43272 37.09458, -76.44245 ...</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>York</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "  </tbody>\n",
              "</table>\n",
              "<p>133 rows × 4 columns</p>\n",
              "</div>\n",
              "    <div class=\"colab-df-buttons\">\n",
              "\n",
              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
              "    <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-26794218-4b1a-44c8-a600-97336dadd3d5')\"\n",
              "            title=\"Convert this dataframe to an interactive table.\"\n",
              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
              "\n",
              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\">\n",
              "    <path d=\"M120-120v-720h720v720H120Zm60-500h600v-160H180v160Zm220 220h160v-160H400v160Zm0 220h160v-160H400v160ZM180-400h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160ZM180-180h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160Z\"/>\n",
              "  </svg>\n",
              "    </button>\n",
              "\n",
              "  <style>\n",
              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
              "      display:flex;\n",
              "      gap: 12px;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
              "      background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
              "      border: none;\n",
              "      border-radius: 50%;\n",
              "      cursor: pointer;\n",
              "      display: none;\n",
              "      fill: #1967D2;\n",
              "      height: 32px;\n",
              "      padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
              "      width: 32px;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "  </style>\n",
              "\n",
              "    <script>\n",
              "      const buttonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#df-26794218-4b1a-44c8-a600-97336dadd3d5 button.colab-df-convert');\n",
              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
              "\n",
              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-26794218-4b1a-44c8-a600-97336dadd3d5');\n",
              "        const dataTable =\n",
              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
              "\n",
              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
              "      }\n",
              "    </script>\n",
              "  </div>\n",
              "\n",
              "\n",
              "<div id=\"df-b663d703-300f-4369-a912-254ee90a8226\">\n",
              "  <button class=\"colab-df-quickchart\" onclick=\"quickchart('df-b663d703-300f-4369-a912-254ee90a8226')\"\n",
              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
              "\n",
              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
              "     width=\"24px\">\n",
              "    <g>\n",
              "        <path d=\"M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM9 17H7v-7h2v7zm4 0h-2V7h2v10zm4 0h-2v-4h2v4z\"/>\n",
              "    </g>\n",
              "</svg>\n",
              "  </button>\n",
              "\n",
              "<style>\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
              "      --fill-color: #1967D2;\n",
              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
              "      --disabled-fill-color: #AAA;\n",
              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
              "    border: none;\n",
              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
              "    display: none;\n",
              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    height: 32px;\n",
              "    padding: 0;\n",
              "    width: 32px;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    animation:\n",
              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
              "    0% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    20% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    30% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    40% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    60% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    80% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    90% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "  }\n",
              "</style>\n",
              "\n",
              "  <script>\n",
              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
              "      try {\n",
              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
              "      } catch (error) {\n",
              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
              "      }\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    (() => {\n",
              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#df-b663d703-300f-4369-a912-254ee90a8226 button');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
              "    })();\n",
              "  </script>\n",
              "</div>\n",
              "\n",
              "  <div id=\"id_2de4ec4c-458d-46bf-a0e5-993dc05f560c\">\n",
              "    <style>\n",
              "      .colab-df-generate {\n",
              "        background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
              "        border: none;\n",
              "        border-radius: 50%;\n",
              "        cursor: pointer;\n",
              "        display: none;\n",
              "        fill: #1967D2;\n",
              "        height: 32px;\n",
              "        padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
              "        width: 32px;\n",
              "      }\n",
              "\n",
              "      .colab-df-generate:hover {\n",
              "        background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
              "        box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
              "        fill: #174EA6;\n",
              "      }\n",
              "\n",
              "      [theme=dark] .colab-df-generate {\n",
              "        background-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "        fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
              "      }\n",
              "\n",
              "      [theme=dark] .colab-df-generate:hover {\n",
              "        background-color: #434B5C;\n",
              "        box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
              "        filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
              "        fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
              "      }\n",
              "    </style>\n",
              "    <button class=\"colab-df-generate\" onclick=\"generateWithVariable('gdf')\"\n",
              "            title=\"Generate code using this dataframe.\"\n",
              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
              "\n",
              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
              "       width=\"24px\">\n",
              "    <path d=\"M7,19H8.4L18.45,9,17,7.55,7,17.6ZM5,21V16.75L18.45,3.32a2,2,0,0,1,2.83,0l1.4,1.43a1.91,1.91,0,0,1,.58,1.4,1.91,1.91,0,0,1-.58,1.4L9.25,21ZM18.45,9,17,7.55Zm-12,3A5.31,5.31,0,0,0,4.9,8.1,5.31,5.31,0,0,0,1,6.5,5.31,5.31,0,0,0,4.9,4.9,5.31,5.31,0,0,0,6.5,1,5.31,5.31,0,0,0,8.1,4.9,5.31,5.31,0,0,0,12,6.5,5.46,5.46,0,0,0,6.5,12Z\"/>\n",
              "  </svg>\n",
              "    </button>\n",
              "    <script>\n",
              "      (() => {\n",
              "      const buttonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#id_2de4ec4c-458d-46bf-a0e5-993dc05f560c button.colab-df-generate');\n",
              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
              "\n",
              "      buttonEl.onclick = () => {\n",
              "        google.colab.notebook.generateWithVariable('gdf');\n",
              "      }\n",
              "      })();\n",
              "    </script>\n",
              "  </div>\n",
              "\n",
              "    </div>\n",
              "  </div>\n"
            ],
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "dataframe",
              "variable_name": "gdf",
              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \"gdf\",\n  \"rows\": 133,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": \"geometry\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"geometry\",\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"POLYGON ((-78.16281127929688 37.74491119384771, -78.1541900634765 37.77111053466791, -78.06307220458984 37.905609130859375, -78.04171752929688 37.893569946289006, -78.00594329833984 37.874549865722656, -77.99230194091797 37.85715866088873, -77.94648742675776 37.84524917602539, -77.91702270507801 37.806800842285156, -77.9103164672851 37.79310989379894, -77.90595245361322 37.77944946289074, -77.89467620849604 37.762081146240234, -77.89066314697266 37.75976181030268, -77.8331527709961 37.754001617431754, -77.8004379272461 37.73315048217779, -77.79068756103516 37.72711944580078, -77.6922836303711 37.70529937744152, -77.66381072998041 37.70351028442383, -77.64901733398432 37.713260650634766, -77.63175964355463 37.70574951171875, -77.64042663574213 37.6845703125, -77.65061950683594 37.64936065673834, -77.65422058105469 37.64488983154297, -77.65553283691406 37.639011383056754, -77.65174102783203 37.627620697021484, -77.65252685546875 37.61946868896496, -77.64402770996094 37.610729217529354, -77.64186859130854 37.60435104370117, -77.63903045654297 37.60158920288097, -77.63094329833984 37.59965133666998, -77.62864685058594 37.59825134277355, -77.6281967163086 37.59326171875006, -77.62593841552729 37.59095001220709, -77.61844635009766 37.588569641113395, -77.61749267578125 37.58039855957031, -77.62162017822266 37.57773971557623, -77.63442993164057 37.57658004760748, -77.63622283935547 37.57479095458996, -77.63581085205078 37.56798934936529, -77.63934326171875 37.565780639648494, -77.649169921875 37.56774139404308, -77.65619659423828 37.56557846069347, -77.66134643554688 37.568378448486385, -77.6688232421875 37.57165908813488, -77.67569732666016 37.574939727783146, -77.6803131103515 37.576820373535156, -77.6826171875 37.5777587890625, -77.6831817626952 37.57822036743164, -77.68489074707026 37.579608917236385, -77.68602752685541 37.58053970336914, -77.68888854980463 37.582389831543026, -77.70268249511719 37.588489532470646, -77.70671844482416 37.58990859985357, -77.70845794677734 37.5899391174317, -77.717788696289 37.58826065063488, -77.71953582763672 37.58827972412115, -77.72128295898438 37.588310241699276, -77.72300720214844 37.58832931518555, -77.72358703613276 37.58834075927746, -77.72476196289051 37.58835983276367, -77.7270736694336 37.588851928710994, -77.72879791259766 37.5893287658692, -77.73053741455078 37.58980941772472, -77.73168182373047 37.590270996093864, -77.735122680664 37.59214019775396, -77.73741912841791 37.59352874755871, -77.73855590820307 37.59445953369152, -77.74141693115229 37.59630966186518, -77.7437133789062 37.5977020263673, -77.7442779541015 37.59815979003906, -77.74598693847656 37.599090576171875, -77.74886322021479 37.600952148437614, -77.75057220458979 37.60232925415045, -77.75395965576172 37.606460571289176, -77.75566101074207 37.60829925537115, -77.75736999511713 37.60968017578131, -77.75850677490229 37.61061096191412, -77.76023101806635 37.61154174804693, -77.76254272460938 37.61248016357422, -77.77295684814453 37.613540649414176, -77.77587127685541 37.61357879638672, -77.77819061279297 37.613609313964844, -77.77993774414062 37.61363220214844, -77.78109741210932 37.61365127563488, -77.78341674804688 37.61368179321289, -77.792739868164 37.612911224365234, -77.79564666748047 37.61249923706066, -77.7974014282226 37.612060546875, -77.79915618896484 37.611640930175895, -77.80033111572266 37.611202239990234, -77.80091857910156 37.610759735107536, -77.80150604248041 37.610309600830135, -77.80269622802734 37.60942077636719, -77.80504608154291 37.6080894470216, -77.80622100830078 37.60765075683588, -77.80797576904297 37.60723114013683, -77.80972290039057 37.607250213623104, -77.81086730957026 37.60726928710932, -77.81204223632812 37.60728073120123, -77.82128143310547 37.60968017578131, -77.82242584228516 37.61059951782238, -77.82353210449213 37.61288070678722, -77.82350158691406 37.614238739013615, -77.82211303710932 37.62464904785156, -77.82720947265625 37.63016128540045, -77.8329010009765 37.63566970825201, -77.83632659912104 37.63798904418951, -77.83805847167957 37.63891983032232, -77.83978271484375 37.63985061645508, -77.84092712402344 37.64031982421875, -77.8432388305664 37.64125061035156, -77.84612274169922 37.64220046997076, -77.84784698486322 37.64268112182617, -77.85016632080072 37.6431617736817, -77.851318359375 37.64363098144537, -77.85305786132812 37.64411163330078, -77.86911773681635 37.653839111328125, -77.8736801147461 37.65798950195324, -77.8759765625 37.65937042236328, -77.87886047363276 37.66032028198248, -77.88001251220697 37.66078948974615, -77.88288879394531 37.662189483642635, -77.88691711425781 37.664058685302734, -77.88978576660156 37.66545867919922, -77.89209747314447 37.666389465332145, -77.89726257324213 37.669631958007926, -77.89840698242182 37.67055130004883, -77.90010833740229 37.67238998413097, -77.90178680419922 37.67512893676758, -77.9029083251952 37.67741012573242, -77.9073867797851 37.68518066406256, -77.90795898437494 37.68608856201172, -77.9085083007812 37.6874618530274, -77.91020965576172 37.689750671386776, -77.91192626953125 37.69068145751953, -77.91308593749994 37.6911506652832, -77.91596984863276 37.69208908081055, -77.92003631591797 37.692600250244254, -77.92119598388666 37.692611694335994, -77.92236328124989 37.69263076782221, -77.92411041259766 37.69219970703125, -77.92646026611322 37.69131851196289, -77.92881774902338 37.68999099731445, -77.93939208984375 37.6846809387207, -77.94291687011719 37.682918548583984, -77.94351196289057 37.682472229003906, -77.94468688964844 37.68157958984381, -77.9452896118164 37.681129455566406, -77.94645690917963 37.680240631103516, -77.94824981689453 37.67845153808594, -77.94885253906244 37.67755126953131, -77.94944763183582 37.676651000976676, -77.9500503540039 37.67575073242182, -77.95426177978516 37.669010162353516, -77.95485687255854 37.668109893798885, -77.9554672241211 37.666759490966854, -77.95729064941406 37.66315078735357, -77.9573364257812 37.660888671875, -77.95678710937494 37.6590690612793, -77.95625305175781 37.657699584960994, -77.95568084716797 37.656791687011776, -77.95511627197266 37.655879974365234, -77.95398712158203 37.65449905395508, -77.94830322265614 37.648540496826286, -77.94602966308594 37.64579010009777, -77.94547271728516 37.6448707580567, -77.94490051269531 37.643959045410156, -77.94436645507807 37.64168930053722, -77.94438934326166 37.64078140258789, -77.9456558227539 37.63536071777344, -77.9468765258789 37.633098602295036, -77.94806671142578 37.631759643554744, -77.94925689697254 37.630409240722656, -77.950439453125 37.629520416259766, -77.95455932617188 37.62685012817383, -77.9557266235351 37.62641906738287, -77.95690155029297 37.62598037719732, -77.95866394042963 37.625549316406364, -77.95981597900385 37.625560760498104, -77.96156311035156 37.62557983398432, -77.96272277832031 37.62559890747076, -77.96446990966797 37.62562179565441, -77.97087860107416 37.62479019165039, -77.97496032714844 37.624389648437614, -77.97728729248041 37.62442016601574, -77.97901916503906 37.62490081787115, -77.98652648925776 37.62725067138683, -77.98767852783197 37.627719879150504, -77.99054718017572 37.62911987304693, -77.9934310913086 37.630519866943416, -77.99400329589844 37.63097000122082, -78.00605010986328 37.63883209228521, -78.00834655761719 37.64022064208996, -78.01123046874994 37.641159057617244, -78.01642608642578 37.64258193969732, -78.02688598632801 37.643169403076286, -78.04490661621088 37.64337921142578, -78.0651626586914 37.64770126342779, -78.07206726074213 37.651409149170036, -78.07552337646473 37.65510940551758, -78.08061218261719 37.66057205200207, -78.08860778808594 37.668369293213004, -78.09379577636719 37.670700073242244, -78.1042709350586 37.67036056518555, -78.11064147949219 37.671340942382926, -78.1146469116211 37.675010681152344, -78.11689758300776 37.67911911010742, -78.11509704589838 37.681819915771484, -78.10568237304688 37.68806076049805, -78.09739685058594 37.695220947265625, -78.09491729736328 37.70335006713867, -78.09941101074219 37.7120094299317, -78.10801696777338 37.718009948730526, -78.12767791748041 37.725028991699276, -78.13794708251953 37.73556900024414, -78.16281127929688 37.74491119384771))\",\n          \"POLYGON ((-83.674819946289 36.60120010375988, -83.6690063476562 36.60710144042969, -83.66316223144526 36.611999511718864, -83.65625 36.61582946777338, -83.6515121459961 36.61952972412115, -83.64803314208973 36.62292098999029, -83.641616821289 36.6252708435058, -83.63585662841797 36.62609100341808, -83.62934875488281 36.627269744873104, -83.6266479492187 36.62776184082037, -83.6214370727539 36.62948989868164, -83.61750030517572 36.631229400634766, -83.61388397216791 36.633911132812614, -83.61035156249994 36.63692092895508, -83.60688018798828 36.63833999633795, -83.60109710693354 36.64006042480463, -83.59912109375 36.640029907226676, -83.59208679199219 36.64310073852545, -83.57983398437494 36.64237976074219, -83.56601715087879 36.64833068847662, -83.55329895019526 36.652500152588004, -83.53723907470703 36.65861892700207, -83.52958679199207 36.66482925415045, -83.4993896484375 36.670989990234375, -83.4979476928711 36.67111968994152, -83.493911743164 36.670810699463004, -83.48927307128906 36.670089721679744, -83.48407745361322 36.669281005859375, -83.47875213623036 36.66835021972656, -83.47769165039057 36.66823196411133, -83.47016143798822 36.667400360107536, -83.46498870849604 36.666770935058594, -83.46041870117182 36.666778564453125, -83.45529174804676 36.667659759521484, -83.44831848144526 36.668849945068416, -83.43968963623047 36.66960906982433, -83.4333724975586 36.669261932373104, -83.432388305664 36.669281005859375, -83.4283828735351 36.66934204101568, -83.42495727539057 36.66989898681646, -83.42209625244135 36.670001983642635, -83.41471862792969 36.67160034179693, -83.40802001953125 36.673599243164176, -83.4034423828125 36.67560195922863, -83.39695739746094 36.67885208129894, -83.39346313476557 36.68227005004894, -83.38874816894531 36.685508728027344, -83.38405609130848 36.68904876708996, -83.37840270996088 36.6909294128418, -83.3707275390625 36.693351745605526, -83.3638076782226 36.694591522216854, -83.35063934326166 36.69900894165045, -83.33541107177729 36.704109191894645, -83.31838989257812 36.70827102661133, -83.3175277709961 36.70848083496105, -83.29492950439453 36.71376037597662, -83.2718658447265 36.7193717956543, -83.26543426513672 36.72093963623047, -83.2474899291991 36.72558212280285, -83.2315902709961 36.730060577392635, -83.230712890625 36.73030090332031, -83.2104263305664 36.73577117919933, -83.20175170898438 36.737869262695426, -83.19584655761719 36.7393417358399, -83.19013214111328 36.73997116088867, -83.18157196044916 36.74113845825201, -83.16948699951172 36.74113082885748, -83.15856170654297 36.74111938476574, -83.14936065673828 36.7413902282716, -83.14482116699219 36.741809844970646, -83.14129638671875 36.74214172363281, -83.13743591308582 36.74383926391607, -83.13543701171875 36.745658874511776, -83.13268280029297 36.749099731445426, -83.1300659179687 36.75234985351574, -83.1282958984375 36.75682067871094, -83.12808990478504 36.757621765136776, -83.12930297851557 36.763809204101676, -83.1305923461914 36.772151947021484, -83.13091278076166 36.77846145629883, -83.13096618652344 36.77865219116211, -83.133056640625 36.782199859619254, -83.13320159912104 36.7838020324707, -83.13307189941406 36.78454208374018, -83.12494659423828 36.78672027587902, -83.12233734130854 36.788291931152344, -83.11617279052734 36.79199218750006, -83.11200714111328 36.79598999023443, -83.11019897460938 36.79866027832037, -83.10801696777344 36.80099868774414, -83.10601043701172 36.80403900146496, -83.10317993164057 36.80709075927746, -83.10148620605469 36.80889892578125, -83.0994873046875 36.81026077270519, -83.09823608398426 36.81341171264654, -83.09773254394526 36.81446075439459, -83.0972900390625 36.817199707031364, -83.09684753417969 36.81993103027344, -83.09736633300776 36.82246017456066, -83.09752655029297 36.8244514465332, -83.09781646728516 36.828071594238395, -83.09767150878906 36.83108901977539, -83.09578704833984 36.832729339599666, -83.09411621093744 36.83419036865246, -83.08764648437494 36.83860015869152, -83.08344268798822 36.84030151367199, -83.080093383789 36.841171264648494, -83.07720184326172 36.84156036376959, -83.07489013671875 36.84191131591797, -83.07324981689442 36.843780517578125, -83.07277679443348 36.84606170654297, -83.07289123535156 36.84833145141607, -83.07244873046875 36.85105895996094, -83.06993865966797 36.852760314941406, -83.06758880615229 36.85406875610357, -83.06474304199213 36.853561401367244, -83.05989074707026 36.85324859619152, -83.05208587646484 36.85285186767584, -83.04836273193348 36.85340118408209, -83.04399871826172 36.8540496826173, -83.0382080078125 36.85528945922863, -83.03244018554688 36.855628967285156, -83.027847290039 36.855079650878906, -83.02623748779286 36.854438781738224, -83.02613067626947 36.85338973999018, -83.02456665039062 36.85091018676752, -83.02025604248047 36.849510192871094, -83.01280212402344 36.847351074218864, -83.0067367553711 36.84704208374035, -83.0042037963866 36.85049057006847, -83.00402069091797 36.85055923461914, -83.00341033935541 36.85081863403326, -82.99891662597656 36.85585021972662, -82.98528289794922 36.859039306640625, -82.98056030273438 36.85863876342779, -82.97381591796875 36.858940124511776, -82.96925354003906 36.85951995849615, -82.96150207519531 36.86095046997076, -82.95110321044922 36.865489959716854, -82.93239593505848 36.87076950073242, -82.92436981201166 36.87255096435558, -82.91925811767578 36.87369155883795, -82.91523742675781 36.87458038330084, -82.91240692138672 36.875209808349666, -82.90918731689447 36.876171112060604, -82.90731048583973 36.87757873535156, -82.90497589111328 36.87931060791021, -82.90489196777338 36.87937927246105, -82.89344024658203 36.88148880004883, -82.88504028320312 36.8881721496582, -82.8836669921875 36.888729095458984, -82.87989807128906 36.89096069335943, -82.87753295898432 36.89273071289074, -82.87049865722645 36.88788986206066, -82.86738586425781 36.8848991394043, -82.8629531860351 36.876781463623104, -82.85111999511713 36.869880676269645, -82.85183715820312 36.86454010009777, -82.84371185302734 36.85787200927729, -82.84910583496088 36.85503005981451, -82.8494033813476 36.850139617920036, -82.84535217285156 36.84642028808605, -82.83531188964832 36.84807205200195, -82.77958679199213 36.806869506835994, -82.76973724365234 36.79869079589855, -82.77112579345692 36.79724884033203, -82.77614593505854 36.79471969604498, -82.786636352539 36.78726959228527, -82.79167938232422 36.77997970581055, -82.78974151611328 36.77791213989258, -82.78964233398438 36.777359008789176, -82.7900161743164 36.77516937255865, -82.79627227783197 36.777889251708984, -82.80520629882812 36.775180816650504, -82.81276702880854 36.76776885986334, -82.82231903076166 36.754901885986385, -82.82921600341797 36.74726867675781, -82.82376861572254 36.74298858642584, -82.82360076904297 36.73513031005865, -82.82785034179682 36.729049682617244, -82.8292999267577 36.727821350097656, -82.84394073486328 36.72106170654308, -82.88809204101562 36.70666122436535, -82.94538879394531 36.67871093750006, -82.98509216308594 36.594070434570426, -83.0210189819336 36.594051361083984, -83.2538070678711 36.594150543213004, -83.27423858642578 36.600059509277344, -83.47200012207031 36.59751892089838, -83.48989105224604 36.598018646240234, -83.59256744384766 36.598201751708984, -83.62452697753906 36.59867858886719, -83.64766693115234 36.60086059570318, -83.674819946289 36.60120010375988))\",\n          \"POLYGON ((-80.08558654785156 37.41764068603527, -80.12078094482422 37.39888000488287, -80.14848327636719 37.38603973388672, -80.15886688232422 37.38235855102539, -80.2040176391601 37.37892913818371, -80.21436309814453 37.37115859985357, -80.22358703613281 37.36658096313482, -80.24204254150385 37.35921096801769, -80.25067138671875 37.3537216186524, -80.26271057128906 37.34186172485346, -80.32424926757807 37.35823059082031, -80.3341293334961 37.361331939697266, -80.34044647216797 37.35675048828131, -80.3559799194336 37.348491668701286, -80.4032363891601 37.330459594726676, -80.42798614501953 37.319389343261776, -80.44169616699219 37.35057067871094, -80.45063781738276 37.37044906616222, -80.47614288330078 37.42691040039068, -80.47265624999994 37.42697143554699, -80.4703521728515 37.427459716796875, -80.46514892578125 37.42930221557623, -80.46111297607416 37.430240631103516, -80.45491027832026 37.43165969848644, -80.45007324218739 37.43334197998047, -80.446060180664 37.436168670654354, -80.44375610351557 37.43775939941406, -80.44143676757812 37.43935012817383, -80.43566894531244 37.443000793457145, -80.42616271972656 37.45000076293957, -80.41633605957031 37.45587921142578, -80.40331268310541 37.46170043945324, -80.38826751708979 37.46763992309576, -80.38114929199219 37.47032165527338, -80.37610626220703 37.47220993041998, -80.37393188476562 37.4730796813966, -80.37020874023438 37.474861145019645, -80.36892700195312 37.47587966918951, -80.3680191040039 37.47676849365246, -80.36620330810547 37.4790496826173, -80.36630249023438 37.482219696045036, -80.36457824707031 37.48493957519537, -80.35936737060541 37.488128662109375, -80.35531616210938 37.48950195312506, -80.35182952880854 37.49085998535162, -80.34372711181635 37.492729187011776, -80.32926940917969 37.49644851684576, -80.31829071044922 37.49969863891607, -80.31250762939453 37.50201034545904, -80.30663299560541 37.50498962402355, -80.30622100830078 37.505290985107536, -80.30364227294922 37.5072288513183, -80.2998428344726 37.51025009155285, -80.29450988769526 37.51594924926769, -80.2893829345702 37.5228004455567, -80.28209686279291 37.534389495849666, -80.28778076171875 37.53709030151373, -80.2946166992187 37.53998184204113, -80.3070297241211 37.52870178222656, -80.33380889892572 37.53681945800787, -80.31266784667969 37.5463218688966, -80.3259658813476 37.566688537597656, -80.2959365844726 37.579872131347656, -80.2827758789062 37.58533096313482, -80.27507019042963 37.58853149414074, -80.2611465454101 37.59579086303711, -80.24785614013672 37.60451126098627, -80.23645019531239 37.612640380859375, -80.22953796386719 37.61857986450207, -80.22480010986322 37.624210357666016, -80.22149658203125 37.62815093994146, -80.21331024169922 37.62274932861328, -80.20281219482422 37.61827850341808, -80.191162109375 37.61563110351574, -80.17838287353516 37.61614990234381, -80.17256164550781 37.6148300170899, -80.15911865234375 37.60583877563471, -80.1503677368164 37.60134887695324, -80.14106750488276 37.60049057006847, -80.13585662841797 37.60279083251959, -80.11911773681635 37.61510848999029, -80.10293579101551 37.62562179565441, -80.09133911132812 37.6292991638183, -80.0733871459961 37.63708877563488, -80.06182098388666 37.644401550293026, -80.03634643554682 37.659469604492244, -80.02937316894526 37.657691955566406, -80.02115631103516 37.64865875244135, -80.0292739868164 37.6436386108399, -80.03272247314447 37.639549255371094, -80.03443145751947 37.635002136230526, -80.03089141845703 37.6282196044923, -80.01095581054688 37.60202026367193, -80.0009994506836 37.590728759765625, -79.99514007568354 37.58304977416998, -79.98635864257812 37.57220077514654, -79.97461700439453 37.55276107788097, -79.97225952148432 37.54687118530285, -79.97339630126947 37.544151306152344, -79.98612213134766 37.53594207763666, -80.00515747070307 37.51863098144531, -80.01033020019526 37.51181030273443, -80.01774597167963 37.49411010742199, -80.02522277832031 37.484100341796875, -80.03778839111322 37.45911026000988, -80.04580688476557 37.44684219360357, -80.07058715820307 37.42678070068371, -80.08558654785156 37.41764068603527))\"\n        ],\n        \"num_unique_values\": 133,\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"NAME_1\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"category\",\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"Virginia\"\n        ],\n        \"num_unique_values\": 1,\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"NAME_2\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"Goochland\"\n        ],\n        \"num_unique_values\": 133,\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"TYPE_2\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"category\",\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"County\"\n        ],\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 22
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "## Working with Coordinate Reference Systems (CRS)\n",
        "\n",
        "We need to be able to map data points to precise locations across space. Indeed, this underpins our ability to process and analyze spatial data.\n",
        "\n",
        "There are hundreds of different types of Coordinate Reference Systems, with many geographic regions specifying their own to enable local consistency and precision.\n",
        "\n",
        "A Geographic Coordinate System measures locations on Earth in latitude and longitude and is based on either a spherical or ellipsoidal coordinate system.\n",
        "\n",
        "* Latitude is measured in degrees north or south of the equator.\n",
        "Longitude is measured in degrees east or west of a prime meridian (a meridian divides a spheroid into two hemispheres).\n",
        "\n",
        "* See the World Geodetic System (WGS84/EPSG:4326):https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Geodetic_System\n",
        "\n",
        "A Projected Coordinate System instead represents Earth locations via a specific map projection using cartesian coordinates (x,y) on a planar (2D) surface.\n",
        "\n",
        "* This approach maps a curved Earth surface onto a flat 2D plane.\n",
        "Common units include metric meters and imperial feet.\n",
        "\n",
        "* See the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Transverse_Mercator_coordinate_system\n",
        "\n",
        "* Or the WGS 84 Pseudo-Mercator: https://epsg.io/3857\n",
        "\n",
        "We can easily check the current CRS of our data using the `.crs` function, as follows"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "8cOr509Q_JCT"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# Example: Checking the crs of our dataframe\n",
        "gdf.crs"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "s66gyTaj_Q1z",
        "outputId": "ebc5d636-8161-4ea5-b71a-27167074569d"
      },
      "execution_count": 23,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "<Geographic 2D CRS: EPSG:4326>\n",
              "Name: WGS 84\n",
              "Axis Info [ellipsoidal]:\n",
              "- Lat[north]: Geodetic latitude (degree)\n",
              "- Lon[east]: Geodetic longitude (degree)\n",
              "Area of Use:\n",
              "- name: World.\n",
              "- bounds: (-180.0, -90.0, 180.0, 90.0)\n",
              "Datum: World Geodetic System 1984 ensemble\n",
              "- Ellipsoid: WGS 84\n",
              "- Prime Meridian: Greenwich"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 23
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "Via `GeoPandas`, we are thus able to change the crs, using `.to_crs()`.\n",
        "\n",
        "For example, from EPSG: 4326 (WSG84) (measured in decimal degrees), into a projected coordinate system, such as EPSG: 3857 (measured in meters).\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "zyG7WiClAWYQ"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# Example: Convert the geodataframe crs\n",
        "gdf = gdf.to_crs('epsg:3857')\n",
        "gdf"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 423
        },
        "id": "bEhU-9c9AKXl",
        "outputId": "bc1fd025-5258-49d5-ba77-277de2cb72a0"
      },
      "execution_count": 24,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "                                              geometry    NAME_1  \\\n",
              "0    MULTIPOLYGON (((361254.367 216238.500, 361303....  Virginia   \n",
              "1    POLYGON ((104848.569 223423.067, 89157.028 200...  Virginia   \n",
              "2    POLYGON ((213033.552 318009.489, 213020.401 31...  Virginia   \n",
              "3    POLYGON ((-15364.478 195828.686, -27879.277 19...  Virginia   \n",
              "4    POLYGON ((145321.031 158816.581, 145218.552 15...  Virginia   \n",
              "..                                                 ...       ...   \n",
              "128  POLYGON ((245540.423 149314.643, 246874.828 14...  Virginia   \n",
              "129  POLYGON ((114784.426 349635.327, 114220.193 34...  Virginia   \n",
              "130  POLYGON ((-258435.470 101881.370, -258576.866 ...  Virginia   \n",
              "131  POLYGON ((-167444.627 107363.211, -166777.207 ...  Virginia   \n",
              "132  MULTIPOLYGON (((272626.213 126009.637, 271753....  Virginia   \n",
              "\n",
              "           NAME_2            TYPE_2  \n",
              "0        Accomack            County  \n",
              "1       Albemarle            County  \n",
              "2      Alexandria  Independent City  \n",
              "3       Alleghany            County  \n",
              "4          Amelia            County  \n",
              "..            ...               ...  \n",
              "128  Williamsburg  Independent City  \n",
              "129    Winchester  Independent City  \n",
              "130          Wise            County  \n",
              "131         Wythe            County  \n",
              "132          York            County  \n",
              "\n",
              "[133 rows x 4 columns]"
            ],
            "text/html": [
              "\n",
              "  <div id=\"df-bacb73c2-80e4-461e-8a9d-343b8f63ca60\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
              "    <div>\n",
              "<style scoped>\n",
              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
              "        text-align: right;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "</style>\n",
              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
              "  <thead>\n",
              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
              "      <th></th>\n",
              "      <th>geometry</th>\n",
              "      <th>NAME_1</th>\n",
              "      <th>NAME_2</th>\n",
              "      <th>TYPE_2</th>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "  </thead>\n",
              "  <tbody>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>0</th>\n",
              "      <td>MULTIPOLYGON (((361254.367 216238.500, 361303....</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>Accomack</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>1</th>\n",
              "      <td>POLYGON ((104848.569 223423.067, 89157.028 200...</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>Albemarle</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>2</th>\n",
              "      <td>POLYGON ((213033.552 318009.489, 213020.401 31...</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>Alexandria</td>\n",
              "      <td>Independent City</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>3</th>\n",
              "      <td>POLYGON ((-15364.478 195828.686, -27879.277 19...</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>Alleghany</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>4</th>\n",
              "      <td>POLYGON ((145321.031 158816.581, 145218.552 15...</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>Amelia</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>...</th>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>128</th>\n",
              "      <td>POLYGON ((245540.423 149314.643, 246874.828 14...</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>Williamsburg</td>\n",
              "      <td>Independent City</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>129</th>\n",
              "      <td>POLYGON ((114784.426 349635.327, 114220.193 34...</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>Winchester</td>\n",
              "      <td>Independent City</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>130</th>\n",
              "      <td>POLYGON ((-258435.470 101881.370, -258576.866 ...</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>Wise</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>131</th>\n",
              "      <td>POLYGON ((-167444.627 107363.211, -166777.207 ...</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>Wythe</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>132</th>\n",
              "      <td>MULTIPOLYGON (((272626.213 126009.637, 271753....</td>\n",
              "      <td>Virginia</td>\n",
              "      <td>York</td>\n",
              "      <td>County</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "  </tbody>\n",
              "</table>\n",
              "<p>133 rows × 4 columns</p>\n",
              "</div>\n",
              "    <div class=\"colab-df-buttons\">\n",
              "\n",
              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
              "    <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-bacb73c2-80e4-461e-8a9d-343b8f63ca60')\"\n",
              "            title=\"Convert this dataframe to an interactive table.\"\n",
              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
              "\n",
              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\">\n",
              "    <path d=\"M120-120v-720h720v720H120Zm60-500h600v-160H180v160Zm220 220h160v-160H400v160Zm0 220h160v-160H400v160ZM180-400h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160ZM180-180h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160Z\"/>\n",
              "  </svg>\n",
              "    </button>\n",
              "\n",
              "  <style>\n",
              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
              "      display:flex;\n",
              "      gap: 12px;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
              "      background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
              "      border: none;\n",
              "      border-radius: 50%;\n",
              "      cursor: pointer;\n",
              "      display: none;\n",
              "      fill: #1967D2;\n",
              "      height: 32px;\n",
              "      padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
              "      width: 32px;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "\n",
              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "  </style>\n",
              "\n",
              "    <script>\n",
              "      const buttonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#df-bacb73c2-80e4-461e-8a9d-343b8f63ca60 button.colab-df-convert');\n",
              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
              "\n",
              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-bacb73c2-80e4-461e-8a9d-343b8f63ca60');\n",
              "        const dataTable =\n",
              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
              "\n",
              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
              "      }\n",
              "    </script>\n",
              "  </div>\n",
              "\n",
              "\n",
              "<div id=\"df-44dd2731-5053-4c8f-9bc5-b3539e45b209\">\n",
              "  <button class=\"colab-df-quickchart\" onclick=\"quickchart('df-44dd2731-5053-4c8f-9bc5-b3539e45b209')\"\n",
              "            title=\"Suggest charts\"\n",
              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
              "\n",
              "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
              "     width=\"24px\">\n",
              "    <g>\n",
              "        <path d=\"M19 3H5c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM9 17H7v-7h2v7zm4 0h-2V7h2v10zm4 0h-2v-4h2v4z\"/>\n",
              "    </g>\n",
              "</svg>\n",
              "  </button>\n",
              "\n",
              "<style>\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
              "      --bg-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
              "      --fill-color: #1967D2;\n",
              "      --hover-bg-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
              "      --hover-fill-color: #174EA6;\n",
              "      --disabled-fill-color: #AAA;\n",
              "      --disabled-bg-color: #DDD;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  [theme=dark] .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
              "      --bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "      --fill-color: #D2E3FC;\n",
              "      --hover-bg-color: #434B5C;\n",
              "      --hover-fill-color: #FFFFFF;\n",
              "      --disabled-bg-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "      --disabled-fill-color: #666;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--bg-color);\n",
              "    border: none;\n",
              "    border-radius: 50%;\n",
              "    cursor: pointer;\n",
              "    display: none;\n",
              "    fill: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    height: 32px;\n",
              "    padding: 0;\n",
              "    width: 32px;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart:hover {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--hover-bg-color);\n",
              "    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
              "    fill: var(--button-hover-fill-color);\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled,\n",
              "  .colab-df-quickchart-complete:disabled:hover {\n",
              "    background-color: var(--disabled-bg-color);\n",
              "    fill: var(--disabled-fill-color);\n",
              "    box-shadow: none;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  .colab-df-spinner {\n",
              "    border: 2px solid var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    border-color: transparent;\n",
              "    border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    animation:\n",
              "      spin 1s steps(1) infinite;\n",
              "  }\n",
              "\n",
              "  @keyframes spin {\n",
              "    0% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    20% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    30% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-left-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    40% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-top-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    60% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    80% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-right-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    90% {\n",
              "      border-color: transparent;\n",
              "      border-bottom-color: var(--fill-color);\n",
              "    }\n",
              "  }\n",
              "</style>\n",
              "\n",
              "  <script>\n",
              "    async function quickchart(key) {\n",
              "      const quickchartButtonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#' + key + ' button');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.disabled = true;  // To prevent multiple clicks.\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-spinner');\n",
              "      try {\n",
              "        const charts = await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction(\n",
              "            'suggestCharts', [key], {});\n",
              "      } catch (error) {\n",
              "        console.error('Error during call to suggestCharts:', error);\n",
              "      }\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.remove('colab-df-spinner');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.classList.add('colab-df-quickchart-complete');\n",
              "    }\n",
              "    (() => {\n",
              "      let quickchartButtonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#df-44dd2731-5053-4c8f-9bc5-b3539e45b209 button');\n",
              "      quickchartButtonEl.style.display =\n",
              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
              "    })();\n",
              "  </script>\n",
              "</div>\n",
              "\n",
              "  <div id=\"id_5270c25f-d1a1-4621-8e73-1ac49f9b1186\">\n",
              "    <style>\n",
              "      .colab-df-generate {\n",
              "        background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
              "        border: none;\n",
              "        border-radius: 50%;\n",
              "        cursor: pointer;\n",
              "        display: none;\n",
              "        fill: #1967D2;\n",
              "        height: 32px;\n",
              "        padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
              "        width: 32px;\n",
              "      }\n",
              "\n",
              "      .colab-df-generate:hover {\n",
              "        background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
              "        box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
              "        fill: #174EA6;\n",
              "      }\n",
              "\n",
              "      [theme=dark] .colab-df-generate {\n",
              "        background-color: #3B4455;\n",
              "        fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
              "      }\n",
              "\n",
              "      [theme=dark] .colab-df-generate:hover {\n",
              "        background-color: #434B5C;\n",
              "        box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
              "        filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
              "        fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
              "      }\n",
              "    </style>\n",
              "    <button class=\"colab-df-generate\" onclick=\"generateWithVariable('gdf')\"\n",
              "            title=\"Generate code using this dataframe.\"\n",
              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
              "\n",
              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\"viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"\n",
              "       width=\"24px\">\n",
              "    <path d=\"M7,19H8.4L18.45,9,17,7.55,7,17.6ZM5,21V16.75L18.45,3.32a2,2,0,0,1,2.83,0l1.4,1.43a1.91,1.91,0,0,1,.58,1.4,1.91,1.91,0,0,1-.58,1.4L9.25,21ZM18.45,9,17,7.55Zm-12,3A5.31,5.31,0,0,0,4.9,8.1,5.31,5.31,0,0,0,1,6.5,5.31,5.31,0,0,0,4.9,4.9,5.31,5.31,0,0,0,6.5,1,5.31,5.31,0,0,0,8.1,4.9,5.31,5.31,0,0,0,12,6.5,5.46,5.46,0,0,0,6.5,12Z\"/>\n",
              "  </svg>\n",
              "    </button>\n",
              "    <script>\n",
              "      (() => {\n",
              "      const buttonEl =\n",
              "        document.querySelector('#id_5270c25f-d1a1-4621-8e73-1ac49f9b1186 button.colab-df-generate');\n",
              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
              "\n",
              "      buttonEl.onclick = () => {\n",
              "        google.colab.notebook.generateWithVariable('gdf');\n",
              "      }\n",
              "      })();\n",
              "    </script>\n",
              "  </div>\n",
              "\n",
              "    </div>\n",
              "  </div>\n"
            ],
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "dataframe",
              "variable_name": "gdf",
              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \"gdf\",\n  \"rows\": 133,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": \"geometry\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"geometry\",\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"POLYGON ((117826.81981569767 194510.40787545082, 118544.14793781393 197428.4463853267, 126337.79224218635 212472.63440712757, 128236.2392578141 211166.17782924837, 131415.90445678914 209105.97091071025, 132647.12175350345 207195.78266089212, 136699.69011836467 205941.04051236843, 139365.13675510115 201718.9925458254, 139981.59256829647 200210.05518496924, 140391.94401794547 198700.99509112345, 141418.40595380645 196791.09481289613, 141776.37024260967 196539.89799988273, 146853.78695142502 195990.47757844665, 149778.2257944882 193729.44882295263, 150649.76538253544 193076.12726128957, 159368.7914808474 190820.02963346802, 161882.582715379 190670.95455215394, 163164.9880847249 191778.71547761696, 164702.88189649073 190975.94704079823, 163986.13290019563 188610.78354293518, 163165.4751055231 184686.3474691429, 162857.69986250886 184183.97694152783, 162754.93265225834 183529.46835427594, 163114.7196384965 182272.37508217618, 163063.43580757483 181366.5444323087, 163832.9443080042 180411.93317585264, 164037.72216320655 179708.11611754866, 164294.40468395094 179406.73196614604, 165012.6199646809 179206.12021461964, 165218.47927806288 179054.89235945392, 165269.41424032944 178502.1117932973, 165473.97661025004 178249.67032647773, 166140.78275773168 177998.9991216185, 166243.42459659633 177094.1557293734, 165884.96525172208 176791.7582731725, 164756.44807134656 176640.21213781682, 164602.12843036748 176438.5264671137, 164653.71234248456 175684.6391234178, 164346.68361124734 175433.30921784567, 163474.48637376673 175633.44488747278, 162858.72005621548 175381.08280546442, 162397.73382496025 175682.6854767589, 161730.23335714187 176033.572167893, 161116.01406592893 176385.5625137987, 160704.31339194794 176586.191104135, 160498.8117116935 176686.30817018202, 160447.95315307914 176736.54055901954, 160294.02554273044 176887.63642347546, 160191.6237584306 176988.93732169754, 159934.98171075855 177189.25778917092, 158703.8790940377 177842.26399916172, 158344.4963327131 177992.7943253201, 158190.854148297 177993.20522618454, 157370.65002008385 177791.07190941693, 157216.3552830346 177790.2184485273, 157062.0361616818 177790.6376157248, 156909.7622913237 177789.82879144946, 156858.54444037928 177790.1155103841, 156754.76969141985 177790.24082594155, 156549.62323081298 177840.92533698297, 156396.37822736314 177890.91471171935, 156241.77987567868 177941.30443623135, 156139.76328268836 177990.5847983388, 155832.02215022058 178192.17206076282, 155626.34433459645 178342.36666340317, 155524.01904043002 178443.7259873817, 155267.53849056587 178644.1929190426, 155061.87433772878 178794.82495008892, 155011.07048503708 178844.66788974561, 154858.24628884194 178945.07721242664, 154600.42672040497 179146.8092421825, 154446.67697558532 179296.74537319297, 154139.00489097004 179749.4670314622, 153984.9826774721 179950.63665870365, 153831.25103052007 180101.007578937, 153728.96960498198 180202.38933055074, 153574.83957975477 180302.79727364721, 153368.8469724256 180403.08082627252, 152447.4822778842 180503.53437639322, 152190.17424965953 180502.96973122048, 151985.40530977503 180502.54389981958, 151831.15527890105 180502.21537766012, 151728.7630021741 180502.42956365595, 151523.99424011595 180502.01530012686, 150702.70705146238 180401.29594888704, 150446.99001350487 180350.85585624876, 150293.0065490895 180299.33142909352, 150138.98228527675 180249.92612692947, 150036.17343802514 180199.34743320325, 149985.2231940763 180149.29875797822, 149934.2878590451 180098.40391046618, 149831.04514474052 179997.86019545366, 149626.33866751223 179846.34568680017, 149523.52159847767 179795.7734407541, 149369.4833492526 179746.38264335087, 149215.22759168613 179745.68027908338, 149114.17338984826 179745.95184647586, 149010.4409113954 179745.32903227676, 148190.07795419745 179996.71457383153, 148087.216183066 180096.88499188863, 147984.98629021746 180348.21672260424, 147984.94983736603 180498.94128987376, 148086.55927242615 181656.20201160663, 147625.75176981903 182259.65038586367, 147112.5107635341 182861.75524071042, 146805.62596211425 183113.64953439235, 146650.96387571766 183214.17592425135, 146496.9787462246 183314.7173195017, 146395.073885326 183364.96574755793, 146189.26372457194 183464.58376439015, 145932.9366357377 183565.4207045715, 145779.85879942737 183616.03233512965, 145574.28002052638 183665.7105318673, 145471.71223200485 183715.95847907916, 145317.29398367836 183766.55479438877, 143881.38182942392 184820.74617972877, 143470.82282579242 185274.1588813433, 143265.5662892697 185423.8177528984, 143009.33754271592 185524.74644228644, 142906.80904005494 185575.0265949942, 142650.3897135362 185725.9219264131, 142291.4596699255 185927.11318969313, 142035.73579181137 186078.0395546415, 141830.04793213433 186177.76740150075, 141368.2583232678 186529.62826431054, 141265.56109489396 186629.88443438307, 141111.9838175465 186831.2962892048, 140958.70722753252 187132.63348383727, 140855.43288958006 187384.03081268474, 140445.65553544494 188239.38994236075, 140393.46709507663 188339.25588783488, 140342.4099271059 188490.79374533787, 140188.03103981563 188742.16681544145, 140034.90211790902 188842.84154597833, 139931.76084149568 188893.1475057726, 139675.70421339019 188992.91104327803, 139316.20005363924 189043.49722500794, 139213.9324601476 189043.02178847944, 139110.97777327476 189043.3826730787, 138957.75074731253 188992.93002876826, 138752.2295561169 188891.6323695385, 138546.87148082888 188740.80767642753, 137624.4514454124 188135.8580142487, 137316.93353427298 187935.0778081977, 137265.29110275782 187884.67402072946, 137163.34986069825 187783.8900423243, 137111.03984277038 187733.0526665007, 137009.76045383545 187632.70516575736, 136854.98447737598 187431.54510905038, 136803.50747792402 187330.7654823319, 136752.70199153415 187229.99745402765, 136701.22238645967 187129.2184710371, 136342.3145483465 186375.11139370827, 136291.49707782263 186274.346228819, 136240.16616904683 186123.61462574545, 136086.01592817408 185720.53075287637, 136086.1627182688 185469.47212596977, 136137.9833185572 185268.38657243934, 136187.62707205355 185117.22318750503, 136239.78286514073 185017.33032806223, 136291.2739546813 184917.00330742984, 136393.43949975882 184765.4480050919, 136905.92819659496 184112.71460411456, 137111.63007352068 183810.91300168468, 137162.4801846023 183709.73364295333, 137214.6635291246 183609.42373617424, 137266.01568990538 183358.3784586177, 137265.68979416252 183257.609589677, 137164.0503840372 182654.28488702935, 137060.55163840353 182401.48533407142, 136958.02128874446 182251.16027442005, 136855.50837521566 182099.56672861738, 136752.80719638 181999.19977764762, 136394.19976293662 181696.83988380493, 136291.986701771 181647.29203254727, 136189.11324477685 181596.88771806267, 136034.3812047603 181546.46747690302, 135932.69348122133 181546.0443835934, 135778.4751754398 181545.59576093152, 135676.10012857296 181546.01118333545, 135521.87486489295 181545.99066380656, 134957.83688574724 181444.3546910132, 134598.35531331794 181393.96784386178, 134392.94269345253 181393.9719624893, 134239.22669135276 181444.7888558595, 133572.43750933945 181694.65329667839, 133469.92189563074 181745.05197972473, 133214.23751541972 181896.25473205734, 132957.2161431955 182047.4435615131, 132905.90972517675 182096.56625851517, 131828.77343883124 182951.6740889551, 131623.66478943595 183102.4721147822, 131367.53488710843 183202.4963867472, 130906.58688716336 183353.010199707, 129982.67388407068 183403.44825837144, 128392.35931042272 183401.57067508556, 126597.74493502371 183853.2217094769, 125982.24173848264 184255.21264555183, 125671.02270049241 184661.08085002212, 125212.8129156656 185260.2992790805, 124494.33079854814 186114.66776741997, 124032.82033781277 186366.3171989823, 123109.5080996416 186314.65871157337, 122546.00678371248 186414.9829600187, 122186.64477428253 186816.87044154163, 121981.33901952783 187269.7611637807, 122135.63867356915 187571.8099699618, 122955.42890775487 188276.743515847, 123673.97476430026 189082.25707547937, 123878.89533985767 189987.55535983242, 123468.1951324078 190942.36590380847, 122699.5831940312 191596.71921355464, 120955.1007415643 192349.64996357515, 120032.83795035613 193505.772460786, 117826.81981569767 194510.40787545082))\",\n          \"POLYGON ((-373477.7141324781 75160.54488399185, -372928.48649039207 75791.4196956983, -372381.6195649074 76310.96795047211, -371744.6732942916 76707.83074848395, -371302.77515444567 77099.0833155424, -370974.96286141215 77461.1446327825, -370389.8410099993 77695.98879629931, -369870.97627720557 77763.88734413766, -369283.52587189164 77868.59334044594, -369039.720967568 77912.38198217789, -368565.4896491965 78083.21914014424, -368205.0835541366 78260.4209997013, -367868.6809313214 78543.38547217449, -367538.18358588417 78863.0719936417, -367220.9977131501 79006.63537067558, -366695.77685695485 79174.46262496615, -366519.3590622937 79163.25069100996, -365875.737201561 79475.90665615254, -364784.4445584524 79347.59319566548, -363520.8451977539 79953.06453028005, -362364.24473334156 80365.49806520875, -360899.78946790105 80981.19796400412, -360186.15982529096 81639.99741595445, -357459.1221112179 82206.0280606606, -357329.7009072407 82214.84072176446, -356970.67838266236 82165.00240185016, -356559.7853168872 82067.17442585241, -356099.5530766556 81957.49478776549, -355628.3063307078 81833.8065993108, -355534.1404901967 81816.61901348972, -354865.4467546812 81695.50334427455, -354406.3673905046 81605.88633710143, -353998.09540182125 81589.2404194959, -353535.9281747499 81667.35280523305, -352907.380866934 81772.71106840498, -352133.00081874774 81824.01717114932, -351570.3467339012 81761.50557447279, -351482.3413163111 81759.88199451339, -351124.2579244337 81751.44450568127, -350815.6360053187 81800.21068257633, -350559.5844663648 81800.78969377166, -349893.05906226655 81950.10653411454, -349285.3352674324 82146.45513977784, -348867.07171218644 82351.26494620474, -348272.638419668 82687.23851009035, -347944.5834301976 83053.10729228178, -347508.37192297156 83394.52266845372, -347072.83677346865 83769.4640668737, -346559.2107476357 83956.81928540791, -345862.54541477695 84196.715237556, -345238.84877455205 84308.35414433913, -344042.5178036461 84749.15901839387, -342659.2463588474 85258.22624843719, -341120.36951136094 85656.85151282724, -341042.43423649686 85676.9398712566, -339000.70974159363 86179.3649267075, -336916.2024228381 86717.40211093273, -336334.95032813563 86867.86969324945, -334712.1506337581 87317.63226912767, -333272.78524508467 87756.8841732856, -333193.3928173089 87780.375687643, -331358.2191439786 88314.16259094051, -330574.63698490924 88515.80701293409, -330041.0495319477 88658.02116682647, -329528.2349737551 88707.45776897816, -328759.06328064064 88806.46073598535, -327680.4938769742 88762.7520135261, -326705.43850225763 88722.85455279588, -325883.0365284121 88720.44801125453, -325476.0421319538 88751.00695002862, -325159.9991106739 88775.42079039305, -324808.04122609826 88950.11883066007, -324621.7079307008 89144.89778101855, -324360.9135473731 89516.82768727, -324113.22698306234 89868.09409368258, -323935.82088182366 90357.70642346515, -323913.95431567024 90445.8250085532, -323995.2765668973 91136.25122173324, -324074.0055066655 92065.96391207918, -324075.12540321803 92766.7996984664, -324079.0592947818 92788.13887070735, -324250.0916569852 93188.89114873552, -324256.04320523405 93367.07670508986, -324241.2500363304 93448.69237411472, -323506.99417256465 93661.81252541256, -323267.42543169606 93826.98813508324, -322701.520707196 94215.8249482548, -322312.6601435033 94644.65773141151, -322139.83410945383 94934.49268121486, -321935.11536620226 95186.22555748197, -321743.02286931477 95516.4136040172, -321477.4171644924 95845.01221376761, -321318.5705769546 96039.65296697128, -321134.4445394314 96183.74136132338, -321009.2771057161 96528.83523876475, -320959.85226794926 96643.42597123828, -320908.58216780325 96945.63738460695, -320857.3478759502 97247.00279223172, -320892.6954297639 97529.27991831995, -320898.39085119806 97750.66435132633, -320908.62204261526 98153.13792695808, -320882.6831421752 98487.26232805627, -320707.6175258966 98662.6382478674, -320552.37480801024 98818.87471891734, -319956.67280846107 99285.52325280539, -319574.64379071107 99459.6750651839, -319272.3655547827 99544.56838540202, -319012.95792301453 99577.74697327187, -318805.3994970426 99608.70064673794, -318651.1818704845 99810.3434912259, -318599.248270802 100061.69620518264, -318599.7251795155 100313.8023158021, -318548.6032885412 100614.75638150424, -318317.613748396 100794.79740423028, -318102.59344237036 100931.82182142892, -317851.14607704274 100865.77839821584, -317420.03877929546 100814.43353860469, -316726.1440839187 100743.6945460585, -316391.99105769873 100791.87757273135, -316000.3058124433 100848.8848301813, -315478.9700549714 100966.61878662488, -314963.5029798549 100984.62334750974, -314556.50798841106 100908.08188904396, -314415.750822649 100831.53831919031, -314410.66673713597 100714.83583513212, -314281.7547555232 100434.53837713014, -313903.4771108245 100264.64682522125, -313248.2198690796 99999.93968729708, -312708.9091263361 99945.15855576283, -312468.6548110017 100319.04625210878, -312452.0466835685 100326.04303066482, -312396.5582768378 100352.75032496323, -311974.9398582893 100895.60349697917, -310746.56104388734 101203.40848327318, -310327.3663974165 101143.13960218032, -309725.0634293299 101153.96655749816, -309316.06111787085 101203.01213787205, -308619.33192317106 101335.78062050529, -307673.8405018114 101804.60011164148, -305985.08297549025 102328.09715399577, -305262.5971810372 102499.16280802952, -304802.45091045706 102608.81119010277, -304440.5582387776 102694.15121447567, -304185.7809214859 102754.64983725348, -303894.9822421823 102850.68562797831, -303722.0064933397 103000.63715499506, -303506.9280719019 103185.05185312306, -303499.1705124272 103192.391891398, -302470.2827146484 103388.85681352786, -301694.7708488293 104102.66077344757, -301570.17007354763 104159.9533241663, -301225.3699772573 104395.17644729621, -301007.51063913567 104583.78707006417, -300400.45047280233 104024.0471426735, -300135.2159676749 103682.25506909359, -299773.0372978394 102767.57808726635, -298746.4182292186 101963.96027394953, -298831.7872517142 101373.96196551179, -298134.4277670457 100608.2059747929, -298626.5722132763 100310.40089539847, -298672.73159613635 99768.9684419958, -298326.5537521661 99343.39389016, -297424.9799105097 99494.27139918953, -292619.83904462255 94746.79147655437, -291773.44834043103 93808.56309365777, -291902.95899198955 93653.00945685421, -292360.6856030365 93388.340535543, -293325.8087027084 92595.22080028165, -293804.4717151618 91802.67322334617, -293639.7326688238 91567.20168692456, -293633.065270272 91505.53727763126, -293675.05801812175 91263.86330551328, -294222.5074589101 91585.40640680144, -295030.3458209457 91313.44942378334, -295734.3875228532 90515.50151573404, -296637.99659088533 89118.96179743775, -297284.00820131716 88294.47381522211, -296814.8481128049 87802.27069927985, -296831.18237994955 86930.14552736896, -297234.8121335555 86269.36283203198, -297369.13291647297 86137.78139343821, -298703.36791202764 85435.20043367644, -302704.0118933933 83981.47791094388, -307936.2269247152 81070.53289182216, -311836.80097702757 71815.96982301993, -315049.97445133765 71935.54212153298, -335867.6205717143 72765.24401494316, -337667.95584612386 73494.88894504307, -355362.4938778149 73953.67085113184, -356959.759409113 74077.94091440218, -366138.99692542746 74499.39473628331, -368993.9924644561 74679.20854458278, -371051.9367571431 75013.67187373019, -373477.7141324781 75160.54488399185))\",\n          \"POLYGON ((-51830.411118015254 157505.8878707499, -54959.3962346776 155444.34755229394, -57421.903407882615 154036.30240182756, -58344.244078899574 153634.30206018503, -62345.27252266628 153283.18851532423, -63268.06762544428 152427.92833741728, -64088.9475901645 151926.30411016376, -65730.0966263109 151121.41571962932, -66499.36405789157 150518.43887641747, -67576.69670828049 149211.09262902022, -73012.75095345241 151074.25067922357, -73884.81051149717 151426.23991896937, -74448.96670551425 150922.9131135933, -75833.3988454487 150019.07034829375, -80039.3689157644 148057.90925808216, -82244.78963493131 146851.18391012202, -83424.61740988218 150323.52759762626, -84194.06767741898 152537.4443964579, -86386.77348102846 158826.18738971418, -86078.15331390046 158829.71116302643, -85873.68636986933 158881.7525094689, -85411.0966353156 159081.38950349425, -85052.86558894093 159181.80336660592, -84502.3578023428 159333.5875594443, -84072.41508791692 159515.856082456, -83714.10307523812 159825.88152629923, -83508.42887196274 160000.3148958331, -83301.41330579283 160174.73967398197, -82786.97887807243 160574.65975108187, -81938.13236408938 161342.95090533706, -81062.3314987227 161986.59919323883, -79903.96882821956 162621.22631747607, -78566.8393298059 163267.42089522356, -77934.42123548446 163558.98133086006, -77486.41334969102 163764.27977722013, -77293.19678912146 163858.9737253237, -76962.06131659764 164053.55169557364, -76847.645271606 164165.50759092576, -76766.42824715406 164263.38293104558, -76603.4769556202 164515.01160521168, -76608.9548954713 164866.85592470813, -76453.66104534449 165167.24276296707, -75989.59615448881 165516.82951700196, -75629.96958978845 165665.89875659154, -75320.29113903861 165813.74995333535, -74601.98971926195 166014.60388181463, -73319.98182412886 166415.76712409913, -72346.13479672252 166767.77907694556, -71832.6060232639 167019.79473357517, -71310.36972566182 167345.84984064352, -71273.65757261036 167378.9732885684, -71043.82372530535 167592.0276798068, -70705.05527360794 167924.37284652842, -70228.21165942294 168552.72505636082, -69768.55652340247 169309.09736650783, -69113.7334899614 170589.621590895, -69613.45500084724 170893.5797213016, -70214.75309755668 171219.60689802052, -71322.4943812168 169977.39750007004, -73680.96569795792 170899.16157916342, -71803.5885893709 171936.98447112038, -72958.33866495611 174207.38528037944, -70293.30652639356 175647.0684018321, -69125.92004380592 176242.89826885515, -68442.48208212244 176592.32051545763, -67206.35845947755 177387.6586866184, -66025.07146272482 178345.76004479578, -65010.93114840928 179239.74219285088, -64395.5632440464 179893.99153115047, -63972.47268043427 180515.50046739497, -63677.4925864331 180950.49398099526, -62959.62126329142 180345.49538415376, -62036.807385805936 179842.29365466497, -61010.67483482115 179540.77536269138, -59882.21685747086 179589.99748609954, -59369.4389517075 179439.78331085484, -58189.90425371661 178433.51454807248, -57420.84919858726 177929.8177020368, -56600.4064494017 177828.84436677516, -56138.58700516349 178080.92378999316, -54651.61931596801 179437.75989388465, -53215.603466780754 180594.96214376556, -52189.477531071 180996.42573584747, -50599.76586981556 181850.84946069054, -49574.17137159608 182656.07041152046, -47316.6732496403 184314.80197078167, -46702.62438598468 184113.99777822036, -45983.36558159654 183107.4874425062, -46702.79369387675 182554.47813339913, -47009.694865432575 182102.43718354995, -47163.41530055209 181598.72271029287, -46855.32921726917 180844.28132135456, -45111.92636474739 177927.0871110552, -44239.67868951304 176669.28328495036, -43726.843510507 175814.37501468463, -42957.671505404454 174606.36712066893, -41931.663267562704 172443.78900177163, -41726.72068380701 171789.13067299972, -41828.70454126433 171487.82281909857, -42957.91817187337 170582.68650559222, -44650.51386390908 168670.71043771398, -45111.897171798104 167916.33870523053, -45778.41504691764 165955.8158308595, -46445.8017272911 164848.77208694018, -47573.09075293558 162082.04023432452, -48290.43297062409 160724.822117174, -50496.57465086232 158511.8505380039, -51830.411118015254 157505.8878707499))\"\n        ],\n        \"num_unique_values\": 133,\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"NAME_1\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"category\",\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"Virginia\"\n        ],\n        \"num_unique_values\": 1,\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"NAME_2\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"Goochland\"\n        ],\n        \"num_unique_values\": 133,\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"TYPE_2\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"category\",\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"County\"\n        ],\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 24
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "What do you now notice about this geodataframe?"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "DiNgv3rACAdj"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "We can then easily find the area of a set of geometry polygons, such as the shapes we have here, via the `.area` function."
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "2zSbEiXiA8Q3"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# Example: Finding the area of our polygons\n",
        "gdf['area_km2'] = gdf['geometry'].area / 1e6"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "fF5wFXguA9Gx",
        "outputId": "b181b604-e3f5-42a1-8560-7e2074e75991"
      },
      "execution_count": 25,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "103727.82664580314"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 25
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "Task\n",
        "\n",
        "* Find the area for the state of Virginia.\n",
        "* Consider the result you have and think about what it means.\n",
        "* Retry using the crs EPSG:3968, NAD83 / Virginia Lambert.   \n",
        "* Compare the difference."
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "F7tDVlN5Cie2"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# Enter your attempt here\n"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "WF6etxNNCq9d"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "## Exporting data via GeoPandas\n",
        "\n",
        "When needing to export your data, e.g., as shapefiles, there will be some differences to how you previously did this in `Pandas`.\n",
        "\n",
        "For example, below we will import our data via `.to_file()`.\n",
        "\n",
        "We must specify the correct crs."
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "hM4IHau6DDKJ"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# Example: Exporting your data\n",
        "import geopandas as gpd\n",
        "\n",
        "gdf = gpd.read_file('virginia.shp', crs='epsg:4326')\n",
        "\n",
        "gdf = gdf[['GID_2', 'geometry']]\n",
        "\n",
        "gdf.to_file('my_exported_data.shp', crs='epsg:4326')"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "bP_gyYjXDCdI"
      },
      "execution_count": 27,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "Task\n",
        "\n",
        "* Subset the shapes for Northern Virginia.\n",
        "* Print the unique names of these areas.\n",
        "* Find the sum of the area in square kilometers (get the correct crs).\n",
        "* Also, find the mean, median, minimum and maximum area in square kilometers.\n",
        "* Export your shapes to a shapefile.\n",
        "\n",
        "If you have completed this task, try the same set of processing tasks for the areas which contain part of Shenandoah national park."
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "W5EVbHb1EXB6"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# Enter your attempt here\n"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "lmWY_B-vEXWb"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    }
  ]
}