Multilayer_Perceptron.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding: utf-8

# # A Brief History of Perceptrons

# # Multilayer Perceptron Layer

# Subsequent work with multilayer perceptrons has shown that they are capable of
# approximating an XOR operator as well as many other non-linear functions.
#
# A multilayer perceptron (MLP) is a deep, artificial neural network.
# It is composed of more than one perceptron. They are composed of an input layer to receive the signal,
# an output layer that makes a decision or prediction about the input, and in between those two,
# an arbitrary number of hidden layers that are the true computational engine of the MLP.
# MLPs with one hidden layer are capable of approximating any continuous function.
#
# Multilayer perceptrons are often applied to supervised learning problems3:
# they train on a set of input-output pairs and learn to model the correlation (or dependencies)
# between those inputs and outputs. Training involves adjusting the parameters,
# or the weights and biases, of the model in order to minimize error. Backpropagation
# is used to make those weigh and bias adjustments relative to the error, id the error
# itself can be measured in a variety of ways, including by root mean squared error (RMSE).


import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf

# Parameters
learning_rate = 0.001
training_steps = 3000
batch_size = 100
display_step = 300


(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = tf.keras.datasets.mnist.load_data()
# Convert to float32.
x_train, x_test = np.array(x_train, np.float32), np.array(x_test, np.float32)
# Flatten images to 1-D vector of 784 features (28*28).
x_train, x_test = x_train.reshape([-1, 784]), x_test.reshape([-1, 784])
# Normalize images value from [0, 255] to [0, 1].
x_train, x_test = x_train / 255., x_test / 255.

# Use tf.data API to shuffle and batch data.
train_data = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((x_train, y_train))
train_data = train_data.repeat().shuffle(5000).batch(batch_size).prefetch(1)


# Network Parameters
n_hidden_1 = 256 # 1st layer number of neurons
n_hidden_2 = 256 # 2nd layer number of neurons
n_input = 784 # MNIST data input (img shape: 28*28)
n_classes = 10 # MNIST total classes (0-9 digits)

# Store layers weight & bias
weights = {
    'h1': tf.Variable(tf.random.normal([n_input, n_hidden_1])),
    'h2': tf.Variable(tf.random.normal([n_hidden_1, n_hidden_2])),
    'out': tf.Variable(tf.random.normal([n_hidden_2, n_classes]))
}
biases = {
    'b1': tf.Variable(tf.random.normal([n_hidden_1])),
    'b2': tf.Variable(tf.random.normal([n_hidden_2])),
    'out': tf.Variable(tf.random.normal([n_classes]))
}


# Create model
def multilayer_perceptron(x):
    # Hidden fully connected layer with 256 neurons
    layer_1 = tf.add(tf.matmul(x, weights['h1']), biases['b1'])
    layer_1 = tf.nn.sigmoid(layer_1)
    # Hidden fully connected layer with 256 neurons
    layer_2 = tf.add(tf.matmul(layer_1, weights['h2']), biases['b2'])
    # Output fully connected layer with a neuron for each class
    layer_2 = tf.nn.sigmoid(layer_2)
    output = tf.matmul(layer_2, weights['out']) + biases['out']
    return tf.nn.softmax(output)

# Cross-Entropy loss function.
def cross_entropy(y_pred, y_true):
    # Encode label to a one hot vector.
    y_true = tf.one_hot(y_true, depth=10)
    # Clip prediction values to avoid log(0) error.
    y_pred = tf.clip_by_value(y_pred, 1e-9, 1.)
    # Compute cross-entropy.
    return tf.reduce_mean(-tf.reduce_sum(y_true * tf.math.log(y_pred)))

# Accuracy metric.
def accuracy(y_pred, y_true):
    # Predicted class is the index of highest score in prediction vector (i.e. argmax).
    correct_prediction = tf.equal(tf.argmax(y_pred, 1), tf.cast(y_true, tf.int64))
    return tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction, tf.float32), axis=-1)

# Stochastic gradient descent optimizer.
optimizer = tf.optimizers.SGD(learning_rate)


# Optimization process.
def train_step(x, y):
    # Wrap computation inside a GradientTape for automatic differentiation.
    with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
        pred = multilayer_perceptron(x)
        loss = cross_entropy(pred, y)

    # Variables to update, i.e. trainable variables.
    trainable_variables = list(weights.values()) + list(biases.values())

    # Compute gradients.
    gradients = tape.gradient(loss, trainable_variables)

    # Update W and b following gradients.
    optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, trainable_variables))


# Run training for the given number of steps.
for step, (batch_x, batch_y) in enumerate(train_data.take(training_steps), 1):
    # Run the optimization to update W and b values.
    train_step(batch_x, batch_y)

    if (step+1) % display_step == 0:
        pred = multilayer_perceptron(batch_x)
        loss  = cross_entropy(pred, batch_y)
        acc  = accuracy(pred, batch_y)
        print("step: %i, loss: %f, accuracy: %f" % (step+1, loss, acc))