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perldl
executable file
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perldl
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#!perl
##########################################################################
# Here starts the actual script
# Simple shell for PDL
our ($VERSION, $HOME, $Modules);
$VERSION = '1.357';
print "perlDL shell v$VERSION
PDL comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. For details, see the file
'COPYING' in the PDL distribution. This is free software and you
are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions, see
the same file for details.\n";
# Useful shell variables
$PERLDL::ESCAPE = '#'; # Default shell escape
$PERLDL::HISTFILESIZE = 500; # Number of lines to keep in history
$PERLDL::MULTI = 1; # Enable multi-lines by default
$PERLDL::NO_EOF = 0; # Disable EOF protection by default
$PERLDL::NO_EOF = 1 if $^O =~ 'MSWin'; # ...but enable for windows
$PERLDL::PROMPT = "pdl> ";
$PERLDL::PREFIX_RE = qr(^\s*(?:pdl|perldl)>\s*); # RE for shell prompts
$PERLDL::PAGER = (exists $ENV{PAGER} ? $ENV{PAGER} : 'more');
# Default output paging program
$PERLDL::PAGE = 0;
$PERLDL::PAGING = 0;
@PERLDL::AUTO = ();
$PERLDL::PREPROCESS = undef; # old interface -- disabled
@PERLDL::PREPROCESS = (); # new preprocessor pipeline
$HOME = $ENV{HOME}; # Useful in shell
if ($^O =~ /win32/i and $HOME eq ""){
$HOME = $ENV{USERPROFILE};
$HOME =~ s/\\/\//g;
}
$,=" "; # Default
$Modules = $Modules = ""; # pacify -w
sub mypdlconfig {
require Config; # pick up perl version info
eval 'require PDL' if not defined $PDL::VERSION;
eval 'require PDL::Config';
eval "use Data::Dumper";
my $hasdumper = $@ eq "" ? 1 : 0;
my $txt = "\nSummary of my PDL configuration\n\n";
$txt .= "VERSION: PDL v$PDL::VERSION (supports bad values)";
$txt .= "\n\n";
if ($hasdumper && %PDL::Config) {
$txt .= Data::Dumper->Dump([{%PDL::Config}],['%PDL::Config']);
} else {
$txt .= "Could not obtain \%PDL::Config\n";
}
$txt .= Config::myconfig(); # append perl config info
}
sub preproc_registered ($) {
my ($sub) = @_;
die "preprocessors must be code references"
unless ref $sub eq 'CODE';
return grep ($_ == $sub, @PERLDL::PREPROCESS) > 0;
}
sub preproc_add ($) {
my ($sub) = @_;
die "preprocessors must be code references"
unless ref $sub eq 'CODE';
push @PERLDL::PREPROCESS, $sub;
return $sub;
}
sub preproc_del ($) {
my ($sub) = @_;
die "preprocessors must be code references"
unless ref $sub eq 'CODE';
die "preprocessor can't be deleted: not installed"
unless preproc_registered $sub;
@PERLDL::PREPROCESS = grep ($_ != $sub, @PERLDL::PREPROCESS);
return $sub;
}
# Parse ARGV
my $read_from_file;
while(defined($_ = shift @ARGV)) {
if($_ eq "-tk") {
print "Using Tk";
eval "use Tk;";
if ($@ eq "") {
print " v$Tk::VERSION\n"
if defined $Tk::VERSION; # make -w happy
} else {
print ", sorry can't load module Tk\n";
}
next;
} elsif($_ eq "-glut") {
print "Using OpenGL for GLUT support";
eval <<'EOF';
use OpenGL qw/ :glfunctions :glconstants /;
use OpenGL::GLUT qw/ :all /;
EOF
if (!$@) {
print ", OpenGL v$OpenGL::VERSION" if defined $OpenGL::VERSION;
print ", OpenGL::GLUT v$OpenGL::GLUT::VERSION" if defined $OpenGL::GLUT::VERSION;
} else {
print ", sorry can't load module OpenGL";
}
print "\n";
OpenGL::GLUT::glutInit() unless OpenGL::GLUT::done_glutInit();
next;
} elsif(/^-f(.*)/) {
my $file = $1;
if(0 == length $1) {
$file = shift @ARGV;
}
print "Doing '$file'\n";
do $file;
if($@) {
die "Initialization error: $@";
}
next;
} elsif(/^-w$/){
$^W = 1;
next;
} elsif (/^-(M|m)([\w:]+)(\=\w+)?$/x) {
my ($way,$m,@im) = ($1,$2,$3?substr($3,1):());
eval "require $m";
warn, next if $@;
if ($way eq 'M') {
$m->import(@im);
} else {
$m->unimport(@im);
}
} elsif (/^-I (\S*) $/x) {
my $dir = $1;
$dir = $ARGV[++$arg]
if !$dir;
if ($dir =~ m{^ \/ }x) {
unshift(@INC, $dir);
} else {
require FindBin;
die "Error: can't find myself" if ! $FindBin::Bin;
unshift(@INC, "$FindBin::Bin/$dir");
}
} elsif (/^-V\s*$/) {
print mypdlconfig();
exit 0;
} elsif( /^-\s*$/) {
$read_from_file = 1;
last;
} else {
print << 'EOP';
Usage: perldl [options]
-glut try to load OpenGL module (Enables
readline event-loop processing).
-tk try to load Tk module (Enables
readline event-loop processing).
-f <file> execute file <file> before starting perldl
-w run with warning messages turned-on
-m <module> unload module <module>
-M <module> load module <module>
-I <dir> Add <dir> to include path.
-V print PDL version info (e.g. for a bug report)
- Following arguments are files for input.
EOP
die("Unknown argument $_");
}
}
my $readlines = 0;
if(!$read_from_file and -t STDIN) {
eval "use Term::ReadLine";
if ( $readlines = !$@ ) {
$PERLDL::TERM = Term::ReadLine->new('perlDL', \*STDIN, \*STDOUT);
readhist();
$PERLDL::TERM->GetHistory if $PERLDL::TERM->can('GetHistory'); # if don't do this before loading OpenGL, it can load libedit via LLVM which has C symbol clashes with GNU readline
}
}
my @enabled = ();
push @enabled, "ReadLines" if $readlines;
eval 'use PDL::NiceSlice';
unless ($@) {
my $report = 0;
sub report {
my $ret = $report;
$report = $_[0] if $#_ > -1;
return $ret;
}
my $preproc = sub { my ($txt) = @_;
my $new = PDL::NiceSlice::perldlpp('main',$txt);
print STDERR "processed $new\n" if report && $new ne $txt;
return $new;
};
sub trans {
preproc_add $preproc unless preproc_registered $preproc;
preproc_del $preproc if $#_ > -1 && !$_[0] &&
preproc_registered $preproc;
}
sub notrans { trans 0 }
trans; # switch on by default
push @enabled, "NiceSlice";
}
use Text::Balanced;
push @enabled, "MultiLines";
my $interrupt_handle = eval 'use Sys::SigAction qw(set_sig_handler); 1';
my $interrupt_msg = "Ctrl-C detected";
if ($interrupt_handle) {
push @enabled, "Interrupt";
} else {
$SIG{'INT'} = sub { die "$interrupt_msg\n" }; # Ctrl-C handler
}
sub mksighandle {
$interrupt_handle ? set_sig_handler(INT => sub {
die "$interrupt_msg\n";
}) : undef;
}
print join(', ',@enabled)," enabled\n" if @enabled > 0;
if ( $readlines ){
if (defined &OpenGL::GLUT::done_glutInit ) {
# Attempt to use with FreeGLUT
if ($PERLDL::TERM->can('event_loop')) {
print "Using FreeGLUT event loop\n";
# Presumably, if you're using this loop, you're also selecting on other
# fileno's. It is up to you to add that in to the wait callback (first
# one passed to event_loop) and deal with those file handles.
$PERLDL::TERM->event_loop(
sub {
# This callback is called every time T::RL wants to
# read something from its input. The parameter is
# the return from the other callback.
my $fileno = shift;
my $rvec = '';
vec($rvec, $fileno, 1) = 1;
while(1) {
select my $rout = $rvec, undef, undef, 0;
last if vec($rout, $fileno, 1);
OpenGL::GLUT::glutMainLoopEvent();
}
},
sub {
# This callback is called as the T::RL is starting up
# readline the first time. The parameter is the file
# handle that we need to monitor. The return value
# is used as input to the previous callback.
# We return the fileno that we will use later.
# cygwin/TRL::Gnu seems to use some other object here
# that doesn't respond to a fileno method call (rt#81344)
fileno($_[0]);
}
) unless $Term::ReadLine::toloop;
} else {
warn("Sorry, cannot use FreeGLUT with this version of ReadLine\n");
}
}
if(defined &Tk::DoOneEvent and not ref $Term::ReadLine::toloop) {
# Attempt to use with Tk
if(${$PERLDL::TERM->Features}{tkRunning}) {
print "Using Tk event loop\n";
$PERLDL::TERM->tkRunning(1);
} else {
warn("Sorry, cannot use Tk with this version of ReadLine\n");
}
}
}
sub readhist {
if ( ( -e "$HOME/.perldl_hist" )
&& ( open HIST, "<$HOME/.perldl_hist" ) ) {
my @allhist = <HIST>;
close HIST;
map s/\n//g , @allhist ;
foreach (@allhist) {
$PERLDL::TERM->addhistory($_);
}
}
}
sub savehist {
return if !$readlines;
# Save History in $ENV{'HOME'}/.perldl_hist
# GetHistory doesn't work on all versions...
return if !$PERLDL::TERM->can('GetHistory');
my @a= grep $_ && /\S/, $PERLDL::TERM->GetHistory;
pop @a if $a[-1] =~ /^(q$|x$|\s*exit\b|\s*quit\b)/; # chop off the exit command
return if !@a; # nothing to do (and don't overwrite)
@a = map {s/^\s*(.*?)\s*$/$1/;$_} @a; # strip whitespace
my %seen; @a = reverse grep !$seen{$_}++, reverse @a; # dedup
@a= @a[(@a-$PERLDL::HISTFILESIZE)..($#a)] if @a > $PERLDL::HISTFILESIZE;
if( open HIST, ">$HOME/.perldl_hist" ) {
print HIST join("\n",@a);
close HIST;
} else {
print " Unable to open \"$HOME/.perldl_hist\"\n";
}
}
sub l {
if ($readlines) {
my $n = $#_ > -1 ? shift : 20;
my @h = $PERLDL::TERM->GetHistory();
my $min = $#h < $n-1 ? 0 : $#h-$n+1;
map {print "$_: $h[$_]\n"} ($min..$#h);
}
}
sub with_time (&) {
require Time::HiRes;
my @t = Time::HiRes::gettimeofday();
&{$_[0]}();
printf "%g ms\n", Time::HiRes::tv_interval(\@t) * 1000;
}
sub gv {
my ($input, $file) = @_;
my ($g, %opts, $format);
if (UNIVERSAL::isa($input, 'PDL')) {
$g = PDL::Core::pdumpgraphvizify(PDL::Core::pdumpgraph(PDL::Core::pdumphash($input)));
} elsif (UNIVERSAL::isa($input, 'Graph')) {
$g = $input;
} else {
die "gv: unknown input '$input': only know ndarray or Graph\n";
}
if (defined $file) {
$format = (split /\./, $file)[-1];
%opts = (output_file => $file);
} else {
$format = 'png';
}
require GraphViz2;
my $gv = GraphViz2->from_graph($g);
$gv->run(format => $format, %opts);
my $output = $gv->dot_output;
if (!defined $file) {
require PDL::IO::GD;
my $gd = PDL::IO::GD->new({ data => $output });
require PDL::Graphics::Simple;
PDL::Graphics::Simple->import('erase'); # else is surprising if no work
PDL::Graphics::Simple::imag($gd->to_pdl->slice(',-1:0'));
}
$output; # return just in case
}
sub page {
$PERLDL::PAGE = (defined $_[0] ? $_[0] : 1);
}
sub nopage {
page(0);
}
sub startpage {
if ($PERLDL::PAGE) {
open(SAVEOUT, '>&STDOUT');
open(STDOUT, "| $PERLDL::PAGER");
$PERLDL::PAGING = 1;
}
}
sub endpage {
if ($PERLDL::PAGING) {
close(STDOUT);
open(STDOUT, '>&SAVEOUT');
$PERLDL::PAGING = 0;
}
}
sub startup_def {
return "PDL/default.pdl" if $^O =~ /win32/i;
return "PDL/default.perldlrc";
}
# Global and local startup
my $startup_file = -e "$HOME/.perldlrc" ? "$HOME/.perldlrc" : startup_def();
print "Reading $startup_file...\n";
eval 'require "'.$startup_file.'"';
my $PDL_OK = ($@ eq "");
if ($PDL_OK) {
require PDL if not defined $PDL::VERSION;
print "Type 'demo' for online demos\n";
print "Loaded PDL v$PDL::VERSION (supports bad values)\n";
}else{
warn "WARNING: Error loading PDL: '$@' - trying blib. \n";
eval "use blib";
delete $INC{$startup_file}; # so require will try again!
eval 'require "'.$startup_file.'"';
$PDL_OK = ($@ eq "");
if ($PDL_OK) {
require PDL if not defined $PDL::VERSION;
print "Loaded PDL v$PDL::VERSION\n";
}else{
warn "WARNING: PDL startup not found only plain perl available\n";
$PERLDL::PROMPT = 'perl> '; # so there is visual indication of no PDL
eval << 'EOD'; # Fallback eval routine - proper one defined in PDL::Core
sub eval_and_report {
my $__code = shift; # Can be code ref or string
my $__string;
$__string = (ref $__code eq "CODE") ? '&$__code()' : $__code;
eval $__string; # Use boring eval() which misses some errors
return $@;
}
EOD
}
}
print "\nNote: AutoLoader not enabled ('use PDL::AutoLoader' recommended)\n\n"
unless defined($PDL::AutoLoader::Rescan);
if (-e 'local.perldlrc') {
print "Reading local.perldlrc ...\n";
require 'local.perldlrc' ;
}
# Short hand for some stuff
sub p { local $^W=0; print(@_); } # suppress possible undefined var message
# (dirty)
use PDL::Demos;
sub demo {
if (!$_[0]) {
require List::Util;
my @kw = sort grep $_ ne 'pdl', PDL::Demos->keywords;
my $maxlen = List::Util::max(map length, @kw);
print "Use:\n";
printf " demo %-${maxlen}s # %s\n", @$_[0,1] for map [PDL::Demos->info($_)], 'pdl', @kw;
return;
}
no strict;
PDL::Demos->init($_[0]);
$_->[0]->($_->[1]) for PDL::Demos->demo($_[0]);
PDL::Demos->done($_[0]);
}
my $preproc_warned = 0;
sub preproc_oldwarn {
warn << 'EOW';
Deprecated usage: $PERLDL::PREPROCESS was set.
Usage of this variable is now strongly deprecated.
To enable preprocessing with recent versions of perldl
you should use the 'preproc_add' function. For details
check the perldl manpage.
EOW
$preproc_warned = 1; # warn only once
}
#
# count_tags: Return a string containing (in order) the open brackets
# and strings in the string that is passed in. Used for multi-line parsing.
#
# Works by analysing the error message returned by Text::Balanced -- this
# is sort of fragile against changes in Text::Balanced, but what the heck.
# --CED 18-Mar-2003
#
sub count_tags {
my $s = shift;
$s =~ s/\\.//g; # Ignore all escaped characters
return undef unless($s =~ m/[^\s]/);
# [Ignore quotelike operators: they cause more trouble than they're worth!]
our($prefix,$delim,%closers);
unless(defined $prefix) {
$delim = '{[(`\'")]}';
%closers = ('{'=>'}','['=>']','('=>')');
}
# Run Text::Balanced on the string with a '{' in front of it, to
# make sure that all quoted strings are "embedded" in the outermost "{".
# The whitespace works around a short-string bug in extract_bracketed.
my $x;
my @result;
$s =~ s/^\s*\#.*$//mg; # Eliminate comment lines before extract.
eval { @result =
Text::Balanced::extract_bracketed("{".$s, $delim, $prefix);
$x = $@;
};
print "x = $x\nreturn = '",join("','",@result),"'\n"
if($PERLDL::debug);
if($x =~ m/^Did not find/) {
# No quotes -- this should never happen and is a syntax error.
print STDERR "[Error in parsing: this should never happen!]\n"
if($PERLDL::debug);
return undef;
}
elsif($x =~ m/^Unmatched emb\w+ quote \((.)\), de\w+ at offset (\d+)/) {
# Embedded quote: try to close it and reparse.
$x = $1;
return count_tags($s.$1) . $x;
}
elsif($x =~ m/^Mismatched closing bracket/) {
# This is an error condition - return false and let perl parse it
return undef;
}
elsif($x =~ m/^Unmatched opening bracket\(s\)\: \{\.\.(.\.\.)+/) {
$x = $1;
$x=~ s/\.\.//g;
return count_tags($s.$closers{$x}) . $x;
}
elsif($x =~ m/^Unmatched opening bracket\(s\)\: \{\.\.\,/) {
# Should have exactly one unmatched opening bracket.
return undef;
}
elsif(!$x) {
return undef;
}
print STDERR "Unknown error message '$x' from parser...\n"
if($PERLDL::debug);
return undef;
}
#
# process_input -- this is the central grab-some-input-and-execute it loop.
#
sub process_input {
my $lines;
# The {} around the do let us get out with 'last' in the EOF case.
multiline: {
my $cont;
$lines = "";
do {
local $, = "";
my $prompt = $cont ? "..$cont".(" "x(5-length($cont)))."> " :
((ref $PERLDL::PROMPT) ? &$PERLDL::PROMPT : $PERLDL::PROMPT);
{
my $sig_action = mksighandle();
if ($readlines) {
$_ = $PERLDL::TERM->readline($prompt);
}else{
print $prompt if(-t ARGV); # Don't print prompt in pipes
$_ = <>;
}
}
if(!defined $_) {
if($cont) {
if( $PERLDL::NO_EOF > 1 && -t STDIN ) {
print STDERR "\nEOF ignored. (Close delimiters to end block. \$PERLDL::NO_EOF = $PERLDL::NO_EOF)\n";
} else {
last multiline;
}
} else {
if($PERLDL::NO_EOF && -t STDIN ) {
print STDERR "EOF ignored. ('q' or 'exit' to quit. \$PERLDL::NO_EOF = $PERLDL::NO_EOF)\n";
} else {
print STDERR "EOF detected, exiting shell.\n";
savehist();
exit 0;
}
}
}
$lines .= "\n" if($cont); # Make multi-line strings work right.
$lines .= $_;
print "lines = $lines\n" if($PERLDL::debug);
} while( $PERLDL::MULTI && ($cont = count_tags($lines)) );
}
# Execute the list of auto-code
for my $c (@PERLDL::AUTO) {
my $mess = eval_and_report($c);
warn $mess if $mess;
}
# Filter out PDL shell prefixes from cut-n-pasted lines
if ( $lines =~ s/$PERLDL::PREFIX_RE// and $readlines ) {
my @hist = $PERLDL::TERM->GetHistory();
foreach my $entry (@hist) { $entry =~ s/$PERLDL::PREFIX_RE//; }
$PERLDL::TERM->SetHistory(@hist);
}
if(!defined $lines || lc $lines eq 'q' || lc $lines eq 'x' || lc $lines eq 'quit') {savehist(); exit;};
next if $lines =~/^\s*$/; # Blank line - do nothing
$lines =~ s/^\s*\?\?\s*/apropos /; # Make '??' = 'apropos'
$lines =~ s/^\s*\?\s*/help /; # Make lone '?' = 'help'
if ( $lines =~ /^\s*(help|usage|apropos|sig|badinfo|demo)\s+/) { # Allow help foo (no quotes)
my @t = split(/\s+/,$lines);
my $x;
foreach $x(@t) { $x=~s/^["']+//; $x=~s/['"]+$//; };
$t[1] = "'".$t[1]."'" if ($#t == 1 && !($t[1] =~ /^\$/));
$lines = join(' ',@t);
}
if (substr($lines,0,1) eq substr($PERLDL::ESCAPE,0,1) and
substr($lines,0,2) ne '#!') { # Allow escapes, avoid shebang
my @lines = split /\n/, $lines;
system(substr(shift @lines,1)); # Shell escape
$lines = join("\n",@lines);
next;
} else {
# Send code to pre-processor filters if defined
for my $filter (@PERLDL::PREPROCESS) {
$lines = $filter->($lines);
}
# honor the deprecated interface for now
if (defined $PERLDL::PREPROCESS &&
ref($PERLDL::PREPROCESS) eq 'CODE') {
preproc_oldwarn() unless $preproc_warned;
$lines = &$PERLDL::PREPROCESS($_);
}
startpage;
my $mess = eval_and_report($lines);
warn $mess if $mess;
endpage;
}
print "\n";
}
######################################################################
######################################################################
#####
##### Main loop is here! (Commands not inside any sub!)
# check for old usage of PERLDL::PREPROCESS
if (defined $PERLDL::PREPROCESS) {
preproc_oldwarn() unless $preproc_warned;
}
$|=1;
while(1) {
eval {process_input()};
if ($@) {
if ($@ =~ /$interrupt_msg/) {
print "$interrupt_msg\n";
next;
} else {
print "Unknown error: $@\n exiting...\n";
last;
}
}
}
#####
#####
######################################################################
######################################################################
# Work routine to eval code and post-process messages
# Currently used by 'perldl' shell
sub eval_and_report {
my $__code = shift; # Can be code ref or string
$@ = ""; # clear $@ since we might not execute the eval below
## Compile the code ref to execute. The code gets put inside {} braces
## so that there is a trivial loop (the simple block) for 'last' and 'next'
## to escape from. (Otherwise perl 5.6.1 and 5.8 do a little fandango
## on stack if you type "last" at the shell). --CED 18-Mar-2003
my $__coderef = (ref $__code eq "CODE") ? $__code : eval << "EOD"
sub {
{
$__code;
}
}
EOD
;
%@ = (); # Workaround to prevent spurious loss of $@ in early (pre-5.14 anyway) versions of perl
if( (!$@) and (ref $__coderef eq 'CODE')) {
eval { my $sig_action = mksighandle(); &$__coderef(); die $@ if($@); };
}
if ($@) {
my $mess = $@;
# Remove surplus parts
$mess =~ s/^\s*\(in cleanup\)\s+//; # 'cleanup ...' from Usage:...
$mess =~ s/\n\s*\(in cleanup\).*$//; # 'cleanup...'s at end
$mess =~ s/\s+at \(eval \d+\) line \d+\.?$//; # at eval ?? line ??.
return $mess; # Report error
}
return "";
}
__END__
=head1 NAME
perldl - Simple shell for PDL (see also L<pdl2>)
=head1 SYNOPSIS
Use PDL interactively:
bash$ perldl
pdl> $x = sequence(10) # or any other perl or PDL command
bash$ pdl
pdl> print "Hello, world!\n";
pdl> with_time { print +($A->matmult($B))->info, "\n" } for 1..5;
pdl> gv $A, 'output.png' # uses GraphViz2 to show connected transforms etc
Run a script:
bash$ cat > pdlscript
#!/usr/bin/pdl
print "Hello, world!\n";
...
=head1 DESCRIPTION
The program B<perldl> is a simple shell (written in perl) for
interactive use of PDL. It consists of a command-line interface that
supports immediate interpretation of perl commands and expressions.
Perl expressions, including PDL constructs, can be entered directly at
the keyboard and are compiled and executed immediately. The syntax is
not exactly identical to Perl, in that under most circumstances ending
a line causes immediate execution of the command entered so far (no
trailing ';' is required).
The synonym B<pdl> is a compiled executable that is useful as a script
interpreter using UNIX shebang (C<#!>) syntax. This is useful for generating
and re-executing command-journal files from B<perldl>.
The B<perldl> shell runs an initial startup file (C<~/.perldlrc>) that can
be used to pre-load perl modules or configure the global perl environment. It
features a path mechanism for autoloading perl subroutines. There is a
command-history mechanism, and several other useful features such as command
preprocessing, shortcuts for commonly used commands such as "print",
and the ability to execute arbitrary code whenever a prompt is printed.
Depending on your configuration settings, B<perldl> can be set to
honor or ignore the ^D (end-of-file) character when sent from a
terminal, or to attempt to do the Right Thing when a block construct
spanning multiple lines is encountered.
B<perldl> and B<pdl> support several command-line options, which are
discussed near the end of this document.
=head2 Reference manual & online help
The PDL reference manual and online help are available from within
B<perldl>, using the B<help> and B<apropos> commands (which may also
be abbreviated B<?> and B<??>.) The B<help> command alone prints a summary of
help syntax, and B<< help <module-name> >> will print POD documentation
from the module you mention (POD is the Perl format for embedding
documentation in your perl code; see L<perlpod> for details).
If you include POD documentation in your autoload subroutines (see
B<path mechanism> below), then both B<help> and B<apropos> will find it
and be able to format and display it on demand.
=head2 History mechanism
If you have the perl modules ReadLines and ReadKeys installed, then
B<perldl> supports a history and line-editing mechanism using editing
keys similar to C<emacs>. The last 500 commands are always stored in
the file F<.perldl_hist> in your home directory between sessions.
Set C<$PERLDL::HISTFILESIZE> to change the number of lines saved.
The command C<l [number]> shows you the last C<number> commands you
typed where C<number> defaults to 20.
e.g.:
bash$ perldl
ReadLines enabled
pdl> $x = rfits "foo.fits"
BITPIX = -32 size = 88504 pixels
Reading 354016 bytes
BSCALE = && BZERO =
pdl> imag log($x+400)
Displaying 299 x 296 image from 4.6939525604248 to 9.67116928100586 ...
=head2 Command execution
If you enter a simple command at the B<perldl> command line, it is
immediately executed in a Perl C<eval()>. The environment is almost
identical to that within a perl script, with some important exceptions:
=over 3
=item * $_ is not preserved across lines
$_ is used to hold the command line for initial processing, so at the
beginning of processing of each command line, $_ contains the command itself.
Use variables other than $_ to store values across lines.
=item * Scope is not preserved across lines
Each command line is executed in a separate C<eval> block within perl,
so scoping commands such as C<my> and C<local> may not perform exactly
as expected -- in particular, if you declare a variable with C<my>, it
is local to the particular command line on which you typed the C<my>
command, which means that it will evaporate before the next prompt is printed.
(You can use C<my> variables in a multi-line block or to isolate values within
a single command line, of course).
NOTE: pdl2 preserves lexical scope between lines.
=item * Execution is immediate
Under most circumstances, as soon as you end a line of input the line
is parsed and executed. This breaks Perl's normal dependence on
semicolons as command delimiters. For example, the two-line expression
print "Hello ",
"world";
prints the phrase C<Hello world> in Perl, but (under most circumstances)
C<Hello > in B<perldl>.
=item * Multi-line execution
In multiline mode (which is enabled by default, see B<Shell
variables>, below), B<perldl> searches for searches for block-like
constructs with curly braces, parentheses, quotes, and related
delimiters. If you leave such a construct open, B<perldl> accepts more
lines of input until you close the construct or explicitly end the multi-line
expression with ^D. Following the example above, the phrase
{ print "Hello ",
"world"; }
will print "Hello world" from either Perl or (in multi-line mode)
B<perldl>.
B<Warning>: The multi-line parsing uses Damian Conway's
L<Text::Balanced> module, which contains some flaws -- so it can be
fooled by quote-like operators such as C<q/.../>, included POD
documentation, multi-line C<E<lt>E<lt>> quotes, and some
particularly bizarre-but-valid C<m/.../> matches and C<s/.../.../>
substitutions. In such cases, use ^D to close out the multi-line construct and
force compilation-and-execution.
=back
If you want to preserve this behavior in a script (for example to replay a command
journal file; see below on how to create one), you can use B<pdl> instead of B<perl>
as the interpreter in the script's initial shebang line.
=head2 Terminating C<perldl>
A C<perldl> session can be terminated with any of the commands
C<quit>, C<exit> or the shorthands C<x> or C<q>. If EOF handling is
switched on (the default) you can also type ^D at the command prompt.
If the command input is NOT a terminal (for example if you are running
from a command journal file), then EOF will always terminate B<perldl>.
=head2 Terminating commands (Ctrl-C handling)
Commands executed within C<perldl> can be terminated prematurely
using C<Ctrl-C> (or whichever key sequence sends an INT signal
to the process on your terminal). Provided your PDL code does not
ignore C<sigint>s this should throw you back at the C<perldl>
command prompt:
pdl> $result = start_lengthy_computation()
<Ctrl-C>
Ctrl-C detected
pdl>
As of 2.077, this requires L<Sys::SigAction> to be installed (without
that, and before 2.077, for Perl >5.8 it didn't actually interrupt
things).
=head2 Shortcuts and aliases
=over
=item *
The shell aliases C<p> to be a convenient short form of C<print>, e.g.
pdl> p ones 5,3
[
[1 1 1 1 1]
[1 1 1 1 1]
[1 1 1 1 1]
]
=item *
C<q> and C<x> are short-hand for C<quit>.
=item *
C<l> lists the history buffer
pdl> l # list last 20 commands
pdl> l 40 # list last 40 commands
=item *
C<?> is an alias for L<help|PDL::Doc::Perldl/help>
pdl> ? pdl2 # get help for new pdl2 shell
=item *
C<??> is an alias for L<apropos|PDL::Doc::Perldl/apropos>
pdl> ?? PDL::Doc
=item *
L<help|PDL::Doc::Perldl/help>, L<apropos|PDL::Doc::Perldl/apropos>,
L<usage|PDL::Doc::Perldl/usage> and L<sig|PDL::Doc::Perldl/sig>:
all words after these commands are used verbatim and not evaluated
by perl. So you can write, e.g.,
pdl> help help
instead of
pdl> help 'help'
=item *
C<with_time> runs the following code-block, and tells you how long it
took, in milliseconds. Requires L<Time::HiRes>.
pdl> with_time { print +($A->matmult($B))->info, "\n" } for 1..5;
=item *
C<gv> uses L<PDL::Core/pdumpgraph> etc to visualise the given ndarray,
with all connected transformations, etc, into the given file. Requires
L<Graph> and L<GraphViz2>.
pdl> gv $A, 'output.png'
=back
=head2 Command-line options
B<perldl> and B<pdl> support several command-line options to adjust the behavior of the
session. Most of them are equivalent to commands that can be entered at the B<pdlE<gt>>
prompt. They are:
=over 4
=item -glut
Load OpenGL when starting the shell (the perl OpenGL module,
which is available from CPAN must be installed). This enables