스코프.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# 스코프"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "show_global_champion: Lux\n",
      "print champion: Lux\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "champion = 'Lux'\n",
    "\n",
    "def show_global_champion():\n",
    "    print(f'show_global_champion: {champion}')\n",
    "    \n",
    "show_global_champion()\n",
    "print(f'print champion: {champion}')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "show_global id: 4575818896\n",
      "show_global_champion: Lux\n",
      "{}\n",
      "{'champion': 'Ahri'}\n",
      "change_global id: 4575821192\n",
      "after change_global: Ahri\n",
      "print champion: Lux\n",
      "global id: 4575818896\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "champion = 'Lux'\n",
    "\n",
    "def show_global_champion():\n",
    "    print(f'show_global id: {id(champion)}')\n",
    "    print(f'show_global_champion: {champion}')\n",
    "    \n",
    "def change_global_champion():\n",
    "#     print(f'before change_global: {champion}')\n",
    "    print(locals())\n",
    "    champion = 'Ahri'\n",
    "    print(locals())\n",
    "    print(f'change_global id: {id(champion)}')\n",
    "    print(f'after change_global: {champion}')\n",
    "    \n",
    "show_global_champion()\n",
    "change_global_champion()\n",
    "print(f'print champion: {champion}')\n",
    "print(f'global id: {id(champion)}')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<module 'builtins' (built-in)>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "__builtin__"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['ArithmeticError',\n",
       " 'AssertionError',\n",
       " 'AttributeError',\n",
       " 'BaseException',\n",
       " 'BlockingIOError',\n",
       " 'BrokenPipeError',\n",
       " 'BufferError',\n",
       " 'BytesWarning',\n",
       " 'ChildProcessError',\n",
       " 'ConnectionAbortedError',\n",
       " 'ConnectionError',\n",
       " 'ConnectionRefusedError',\n",
       " 'ConnectionResetError',\n",
       " 'DeprecationWarning',\n",
       " 'EOFError',\n",
       " 'Ellipsis',\n",
       " 'EnvironmentError',\n",
       " 'Exception',\n",
       " 'False',\n",
       " 'FileExistsError',\n",
       " 'FileNotFoundError',\n",
       " 'FloatingPointError',\n",
       " 'FutureWarning',\n",
       " 'GeneratorExit',\n",
       " 'IOError',\n",
       " 'ImportError',\n",
       " 'ImportWarning',\n",
       " 'IndentationError',\n",
       " 'IndexError',\n",
       " 'InterruptedError',\n",
       " 'IsADirectoryError',\n",
       " 'KeyError',\n",
       " 'KeyboardInterrupt',\n",
       " 'LookupError',\n",
       " 'MemoryError',\n",
       " 'ModuleNotFoundError',\n",
       " 'NameError',\n",
       " 'None',\n",
       " 'NotADirectoryError',\n",
       " 'NotImplemented',\n",
       " 'NotImplementedError',\n",
       " 'OSError',\n",
       " 'OverflowError',\n",
       " 'PendingDeprecationWarning',\n",
       " 'PermissionError',\n",
       " 'ProcessLookupError',\n",
       " 'RecursionError',\n",
       " 'ReferenceError',\n",
       " 'ResourceWarning',\n",
       " 'RuntimeError',\n",
       " 'RuntimeWarning',\n",
       " 'StopAsyncIteration',\n",
       " 'StopIteration',\n",
       " 'SyntaxError',\n",
       " 'SyntaxWarning',\n",
       " 'SystemError',\n",
       " 'SystemExit',\n",
       " 'TabError',\n",
       " 'TimeoutError',\n",
       " 'True',\n",
       " 'TypeError',\n",
       " 'UnboundLocalError',\n",
       " 'UnicodeDecodeError',\n",
       " 'UnicodeEncodeError',\n",
       " 'UnicodeError',\n",
       " 'UnicodeTranslateError',\n",
       " 'UnicodeWarning',\n",
       " 'UserWarning',\n",
       " 'ValueError',\n",
       " 'Warning',\n",
       " 'ZeroDivisionError',\n",
       " '__IPYTHON__',\n",
       " '__build_class__',\n",
       " '__debug__',\n",
       " '__doc__',\n",
       " '__import__',\n",
       " '__loader__',\n",
       " '__name__',\n",
       " '__package__',\n",
       " '__spec__',\n",
       " 'abs',\n",
       " 'all',\n",
       " 'any',\n",
       " 'ascii',\n",
       " 'bin',\n",
       " 'bool',\n",
       " 'bytearray',\n",
       " 'bytes',\n",
       " 'callable',\n",
       " 'chr',\n",
       " 'classmethod',\n",
       " 'compile',\n",
       " 'complex',\n",
       " 'copyright',\n",
       " 'credits',\n",
       " 'delattr',\n",
       " 'dict',\n",
       " 'dir',\n",
       " 'display',\n",
       " 'divmod',\n",
       " 'enumerate',\n",
       " 'eval',\n",
       " 'exec',\n",
       " 'filter',\n",
       " 'float',\n",
       " 'format',\n",
       " 'frozenset',\n",
       " 'get_ipython',\n",
       " 'getattr',\n",
       " 'globals',\n",
       " 'hasattr',\n",
       " 'hash',\n",
       " 'help',\n",
       " 'hex',\n",
       " 'id',\n",
       " 'input',\n",
       " 'int',\n",
       " 'isinstance',\n",
       " 'issubclass',\n",
       " 'iter',\n",
       " 'len',\n",
       " 'license',\n",
       " 'list',\n",
       " 'locals',\n",
       " 'map',\n",
       " 'max',\n",
       " 'memoryview',\n",
       " 'min',\n",
       " 'next',\n",
       " 'object',\n",
       " 'oct',\n",
       " 'open',\n",
       " 'ord',\n",
       " 'pow',\n",
       " 'print',\n",
       " 'property',\n",
       " 'range',\n",
       " 'repr',\n",
       " 'reversed',\n",
       " 'round',\n",
       " 'set',\n",
       " 'setattr',\n",
       " 'slice',\n",
       " 'sorted',\n",
       " 'staticmethod',\n",
       " 'str',\n",
       " 'sum',\n",
       " 'super',\n",
       " 'tuple',\n",
       " 'type',\n",
       " 'vars',\n",
       " 'zip']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dir(__builtin__)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "print global: Ahri\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "champion = 'Lux'\n",
    "\n",
    "def change_global_champion():\n",
    "    global champion\n",
    "    champion = 'Ahri'\n",
    "    print(locals())\n",
    "    \n",
    "change_global_champion()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "global champion: Lux\n",
      "local1 locals(): {'local2': <function local1.<locals>.local2 at 0x110c69840>, 'champion': 'Ahri'}\n",
      "local2 locals(): {'champion': 'Ezreal'}\n",
      "local1 locals(): {'local2': <function local1.<locals>.local2 at 0x110c69840>, 'champion': 'Ezreal'}\n",
      "local1 champion: Ezreal\n",
      "global champion: Lux\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "champion = 'Lux'\n",
    "\n",
    "def local1():\n",
    "    champion = 'Ahri'\n",
    "    def local2():\n",
    "        nonlocal champion\n",
    "        champion = 'Ezreal'\n",
    "        print(locals())\n",
    "    local2()\n",
    "\n",
    "local1()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "4538494576\n",
      "4538494576\n",
      "4538495536\n",
      "130\n",
      "100\n",
      "4538494576\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "global_level = 100\n",
    "\n",
    "def level_add(value):\n",
    "    print(id(value))\n",
    "    value += 30\n",
    "    print(id(value))\n",
    "    print(value)\n",
    "    \n",
    "print(id(global_level))\n",
    "level_add(global_level)\n",
    "print(global_level)\n",
    "print(id(global_level))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "100\n",
      "4538494576\n",
      "4538494576\n",
      "4538495536\n",
      "130\n",
      "130\n",
      "4538495536\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "global_level = 100\n",
    "\n",
    "def level_add():\n",
    "    global global_level\n",
    "    print(id(global_level))\n",
    "    global_level += 30\n",
    "    print(id(global_level))\n",
    "    print(global_level)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(global_level)\n",
    "print(id(global_level))\n",
    "level_add()\n",
    "print(global_level)\n",
    "print(id(global_level))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[]\n",
      "['a']\n",
      "['a']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "global_list = []\n",
    "\n",
    "def list_add(value):\n",
    "    value.append('a')\n",
    "    print(value)\n",
    "    \n",
    "print(global_list)\n",
    "list_add(global_list)\n",
    "print(global_list)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import string\n",
    "string.ascii_lowercase"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# do_function\n",
    "# 매개변수 2개를 받음\n",
    "#  1번째 매개변수를 2번째 매개변수의 호출의 인자로 사용,\n",
    "#    (2번째 매개변수에는 함수가 올 것으로 생각)\n",
    "#   호출 결과를 리턴"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 46,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "do_function('abcde', len)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4575893520"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 47,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "do_function(12345, id)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# function에 아무것도 주어지지 않으면, 주어진 arg의 .upper() 를 실행한 결과를 리턴\n",
    "# 내부함수를 사용해서 구현\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "{'function': <function <lambda> at 0x110c69400>, 'arg': 'a'}\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'A'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 61,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# def return_value_upper(value):\n",
    "#     return value.upper()\n",
    "    \n",
    "def do_function(arg, function=lambda value: value.upper()):\n",
    "    print(locals())\n",
    "    return function(arg)\n",
    "\n",
    "do_function('a')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<function __main__.<lambda>(value)>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 59,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lambda value: value.upper()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'A'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 60,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(lambda value: value.upper())('a')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class A:\n",
    "    pass"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 65,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = A()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 66,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a.asdf = '1234'\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 68,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class B:\n",
    "    pass\n",
    "\n",
    "b = B()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 69,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a.b = b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 70,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class B(A):\n",
    "    pass"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "level = 0\n",
    "\n",
    "def outer():\n",
    "    level = 50\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def inner():\n",
    "        nonlocal level\n",
    "        level += 3\n",
    "        print(level)\n",
    "    return inner"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "f1 = outer()\n",
    "f2 = outer()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4438012520"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "id(f1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4438012112"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "id(f2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## decorator"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def square(x):\n",
    "    result = x ** 2\n",
    "    return result\n",
    "\n",
    "def multi(x, y):\n",
    "    result = x * y\n",
    "    return result"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "9"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "square(3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "15"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "multi(3, 5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# def debug\n",
    "\n",
    "# 1. 매개변수로 함수 하나를 사용 (호출시 함수 인자 하나를 받음)\n",
    "#    매개변수명은 \"f\"사용\n",
    "# 2. 내부함수 wrap을 정의 (debug내부에 있는 함수)\n",
    "#     wrap함수는 위치인자 묶음과 키워드인자 묶음을 모두 받을 수 있도록 정의\n",
    "# 3. wrap함수의 내부에서 매개변수 \"f\"를 실행, \n",
    "#           f실행시 인자에 wrap함수의 매개변수로 주어진 *args, **kwargs를 전달\n",
    "#           -> 결과를 result에 할당\n",
    "# 4. wrap함수의 마지막에서 result값을 리턴\n",
    "# 5. debug함수의 마지막에서 wrap함수 자체를 리턴 (wrap함수 실행 결과가 아님)\n",
    "\n",
    "# debug함수의 인자로 square(또는 multi)함수 자체를 전달\n",
    "# 결과값을 decorated_square(또는 decorated_multi) 변수에 할당\n",
    "# 새 변수(함수가 정의됨)를 실행해보기"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def debug(f):\n",
    "    def wrap(*args, **kwargs):\n",
    "        result = f(*args, **kwargs)\n",
    "        print('위치인자 목록:', args)\n",
    "        print('키워드인자 목록:', kwargs)\n",
    "        print('결과값:', result)\n",
    "        return result\n",
    "    return wrap"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "decorated_square = debug(square)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "decorated_multi = debug(multi)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "@debug\n",
    "def square(x):\n",
    "    result = x ** 2\n",
    "    return result\n",
    "\n",
    "@debug\n",
    "def multi(x, y):\n",
    "    result = x * y\n",
    "    return result"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "위치인자 목록: (3,)\n",
      "키워드인자 목록: {}\n",
      "결과값: 9\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "9"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 49,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "square(3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "range(0, 1000000000)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 50,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "range(1000000000)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "4\n",
      "5\n",
      "6\n",
      "7\n",
      "8\n",
      "9\n",
      "10\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]:\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "4\n",
      "5\n",
      "6\n",
      "7\n",
      "8\n",
      "9\n",
      "10\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(1, 11):\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def range_gen(num):\n",
    "    i = 0\n",
    "    while i < num:\n",
    "        yield i\n",
    "        i += 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 103,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "result = range_gen(10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 101,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<generator object range_gen at 0x108876bf8>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 101,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "result"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 102,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for i in result:\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 70,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 70,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "result.__next__()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 100,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "StopIteration",
     "evalue": "",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mStopIteration\u001b[0m                             Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-100-50b54792e3ae>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mresult\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__next__\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mStopIteration\u001b[0m: "
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "result.__next__()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 104,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 104,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "next(result)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 105,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 105,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "result.__next__()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 106,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<generator object range_gen at 0x1088b27d8>\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(result)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 107,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'<generator object range_gen at 0x1088b27d8>'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 107,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "result.__str__()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 108,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 108,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len('ABCD')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 111,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 111,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len([1,2,3,4,5])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 113,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 113,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len({'a': 1, 'b': 2})"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 114,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<generator object range_gen at 0x1088b27d8>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 114,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "result"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 115,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<generator object range_gen at 0x1088b27d8>\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(result)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "Python 3",
   "language": "python",
   "name": "python3"
  },
  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": {
    "name": "ipython",
    "version": 3
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   "file_extension": ".py",
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